Other Vaccine Strategies

One quasi-immunotherapeutic strategy targets intracellular accumulation of toxic proteins in neuron by using single 

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There are potential safety issues with DNA vaccines, some similar to other vaccine strategies and some unique to DNA vaccines. These concerns include induction of autoimmunity, potential integration of plasmid DNA into the host genome, induction of immunological tolerance, immunotoxicity, and altered immune responsiveness to other vaccines and infection [21,23,24],... 

The overexpression of HER-2 protein in cancer cells makes it an ideal target for vaccines and other targeting strategies. Vaccines optimized to induce maximum T cell immunity to HER-2 may lead to potent in vivo antitumor immunity. HER-2 protein has been evaluated as a potential target for the development of cancer vaccines because preexistent T cell and antibody responses to HER-2 have been described in breast cancer patients (Disis and Cheever, 1996). In other words, breast cancer patients have preexisting immunity to the HER-2 receptor in the form of elevated antibody titers and T cell immunity. Elevated anti-HER-2 T cell responses have been demonstrated in breast and ovarian cancer patients following immunization with peptides derived from the HER-2 protein (Disis et al., 1999). However, whether peptide-specific T cell responses can be translated to antitumor immunity has yet to be established. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

Different vaccines and immunization strategies have been evaluated in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (5). Few places outside Scandinavia have collected data on Hib immunization programs for so long (more than a decade has elapsed since universal Hib immunization was initiated in Scandinavia) and with similar accuracy. Phase 3 studies with PRP-D-Hib vaccine were done in Finland in the late 1980s, and PRP-D-Hib vaccine has been the only vaccine used in Iceland. HbOC vaccine was first compared with PRP-D-Hib vaccine in Finland and then reintroduced to the primary health-care system as the only Hib vaccine used. Finally, PRP-T-Hib vaccine was first temporarily used in Finland, and then as almost the only vaccine in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Besides the different conjugate vaccines, the immunization programs have differed in other aspects, such as immunization schedule and administration of vaccines (separate versus simultaneous administration with other vaccines, such as DT, DTP, DTaP, IPV, or MMR). 

Assessment for influenza and pneumococcal vaccine administration and assessment and management of other cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., smoking and antiplatelet therapy) are components of sound preventive medicine strategies. 

There are two classical strategies for vaccination. One involves vaccination with either killed pathogenic organisms or subunits of the pathogenic organism. The other utilizes live attenuated viruses or bacteria that do not cause disease but have been derived from the pathogenic parent organism. 

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