Peptide immunization with

Pantarotto, D. et al. (2003) Immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Chem. Biol, 10, 961-966. 

El-Kasmi, K. C., Fillon, S., Thiesen, D. M., Hartter, H., Brons, N. H. C. and Muller, C. P. (2000), Neutralization of measles virus wild-type isolates after immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine which is not recognized by neutralizing passive antibodies , J. Gen. Virol., 81, 729-735. 

If a monoclonal antibody was generated by immunization with a full-length native protein rather than a peptide, then the immunized mouse will generate antibodies that recognize both linear and conformationally dependent epitopes. Only a small subset of these monoclonal antibodies will likely be useful for clinical use on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) samples. Those that are useful tend to have epitopes that are linear the epitopes are not dependent on the protein s three-dimensional conformation (see Chapter 16). Therefore, for antibodies generated in response to immunization with full-length proteins, the peptides that serve as positive controls will be linear stretches of amino acids derived from the native protein sequence, as listed in protein databases. 

Fig. 15 Induction of cellular immunity by subcutaneous immunization with OVA-encapsulating y-PGA-Phe nanoparticles. Mice were subcutaneously immunized one time with OVA alone (10 pg), 10 pg of OVA and 100 pg of NPs (OVA-NPs), 10 pg of OVA and 100 pL of complete Freund s adjuvant (OVA + CFA), or PBS (control). Splenocytes were obtained from the immunized mice on day 10 after the immunization and stimulated with the OVA peptide. The number of IFN-y-producing cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. SFU spot forming units...

Wang TT, Fellows PF, Leighton TJ et al (2004) Induction of opsonic antibodies to the gamma-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis by immunization with a synthetic peptide-carrier protein conjugate. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 40 231-237... 

Boldicke, T., Kindt, S., Maywald, F., Fitzlaff, G., Bocher, M., Frank, R., and Collins, J. (1988) Production of specific monoclonal antibodies against the active sites of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor variants by in vitro immunization with synthetic peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 175, 259-264. 

Fig. 8.10 Titers of antibodies at day 50 induced by plant-derived CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally immunized with leaf extract from CTB-2L21 transgenic plants. Animals were boosted at days 21 and 35. Each mouse received 20 pg of CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Individual samples of mouse serum were titrated against 2L21 synthetic peptide,VP2 protein and a control peptide (amino acids 122-135 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen). Titers were expressed as the highest serum dilution to yield twice the absorbance mean of preimmune sera. M1-M6 mice 1 to 6 2L21 epitope from the VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus CTB cholera toxin B VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus that includes the 2L21 epitope.

Nicoll, J. A., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C. etal. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide a case report. Nature Med. 9 448 452, 2003. 

Clearly, further studies will be necessary to sort out the multiple factors involved in the in vivo immune response to C. neoformans carbohydrate-mimetic peptides. Several conclusions may be drawn from the results to date. Peptides that mimic the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide show specificity, in that each peptide binds with differing affinity to closely related mAbs [140,149]. The pattern of binding to protective and nonprotective mAbs differs between the mimetic peptides and the polysaccharide [140]. Protective efficacy is related to the location of carbohydrate epitopes recognized by these mAbs, within the polysaccharide capsule, but hkely also depends on interactions between mAbs and cellular responses [149]. Peptides have been shown to be functional, immunogenic mimics, but their protective efficacy depends on multiple factors, including the type of Abs elicited and interactions with the cellular immune system. Protective efficacy does not correlate with binding affinity to representative mAbs, but rather depends on the nature of these interactions. 

The cells of the immune system communicate with each other particularly intensively. The T-cell receptor plays a central role in the activation of T lymphocytes (see p. 296). The cell at the top has been infected with a virus, and it indicates this by presenting a viral peptide (violet) with the help of a class 1 MHC protein (yellow and green). The combination of the two molecules is recognized by the dimeric T-cell receptor (blue) and converted into a signal that activates the T cell (bottom) and thereby enhances the immune response to the virus. 

Serum antibodies were obtained by immunization with free peptide in complete Freund s adjuvant. 

Table II. Serum antibodies obtained by Immunization with free synthetic peptides representing surface regions that are non-Immunogenic In whole Mb...

Immunization with free peptides or with Intact Mb... 

C/2 C/2 a Immunization with Mba Immunization with free synthetic peptides ... 

Antibodies were preselected submolecular specificities evoked by Immunization with FRfeE peptides... 

Initially we Investigated whether Immunization of H-2< and H-2S mice (two high responder strains to Mb refs. 46,47) with free synthetic peptides of Increasing length and carryTng site 5 (Figure 9) could evoke antibodies that will react with native Mb (48). Thus Immunization with peptides of 22 amino acids (peptide 137-153), 11 amino acids (peptide 143-153), 9 amino acids (peptide 145-153) or 7 amino acids (peptide 145-151), each of which... 

The results clearly show (49) that Immune sera raised to each of the synthetic peptides (6 6r 1 amino acids In size) contain antibodies that bind specifically to native Mb (Table I). Thus Immunization with a peptide representing a single antigenic site, at least when native Mb Is the Immunizing antigen. Is effective In eliciting antibodies that will bind specifically to native Mb and exclusively to the peptide used In Immunization (Table I). 

---