Ornamental

The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

A small but artistically interesting use of fluorspar is ia the productioa of vases, cups, and other ornamental objects popularly known as Blue John, after the Blue John Mine, Derbyshire, U.K. Optical quaUty fluorite, sometimes from natural crystals, but more often artificially grown, is important ia use as iafrared transmission wiadows and leases (70) and optical components of high energy laser systems (see Infrared and RAMAN spectroscopy Lasers) (71). 

The ribbon machine employs a puff-and-blow method to make incandescent light bulb envelopes (1200/min), dashbulb envelopes (2000/min), Christmas tree ornaments, and the like (Fig. 15). For larger articles, the turret chain machine also uses the puff-and-blow method, but produces less cuUet and uses individual glass gobs rather than ribbon. 

Ornamentals are treated with GA for a variety of purposes including more profuse flowering, increasing flower number, and in some circumstances flower size. It is a common practice in the southeastern United States to gib camelHas prior to flowering, ie, a small amount of the potassium salt of GA at 100 ppm is dropped into the floral bud at a very early stage of development to produce large showy flowers. 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

Off-Shoot-O. The methyl esters of the Cg—C 2 fatty acids (40) are collectively sold under the name Off-Shoot-O and are closely related to 1-decanol, the fatty alcohol sold to control axillary shoots in tobacco. The material is a contact-type chemical used to pinch ornamental plants such as a2aleas, cotoneaster, juniper Juniperus sp. privet, rhamnus, and taxus (Taxus sp. sp.). As a result of treatment the shmbs become bushier. The mode of action is by plasmolysis of the young, sensitive tissues. Therefore, appHcation timing may be critical. 

Based on these fundamental pieces of information, the material is used on ornamentals to reduce height, producing compact plants. Additional side effects ate improved bud set and color. Experimentally, the compound has been used to dwarf fmit trees which has led to increasing the aveal planting number. 

ISl-2-Chloro-4-pyridinyl-ISl-phenylurea. CPPU [68157-60-8] (47) is a phenylutea plant growth regulator that has been used experimentally to increase fmit size in apples, grapes, kiwifmit, macadamia nuts (Macadamia temifolid) cotton, small grains, and ornamentals (23). 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fmits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly Hberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Lead is easily cast and formed. It is one of the oldest known metals, used before 3000 BC. Early civilizations used lead extensively for ornamental and stmctural uses, and lead pipes used for the transportation of water by the Romans have endured. 

Copper and nickel can be alloyed with zinc to form nickel silvers. Nickel silvers are ductile, easily formed and machined, have good corrosion resistance, can be worked to provide a range of mechanical properties, and have an attractive white color. These alloys are used for ornamental purposes, as sHverplated and uncoated tableware and flatware in the electrical iadustry as contacts, connections, and springs and as many formed and machined parts (see Electrical connectors). 

Fiber dmms can be produced to meet a wide variety of requirements. They can be constmcted with adhesives for water resistance, their interiors can be coated, their walls and ends can incorporate metal foil or asphalt-impregnated pHes, and their exteriors can be decorated by painting, varnishing, and silk screening for both ornamental and functional purposes. 

Amber. The hardest of all the resins, amber is stiU collected along the shores of the Baltic Sea. The pieces are poHshed to an attractive pale yeUow-to-dark brown stone and made into ornamental objects. 

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