Poisoning with organophosphate insecticides

Farm workers are especially susceptible to organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Unsafe spraying conditions can lead to accumulated toxicity and chronic symptoms. Since there are many enzymes in the body which are in the serine esterase family along with Achase and can complex... 

The usual symptoms of organophosphate insecticide poisoning in mammals are muscular twitching, urination, extreme weakness, salivation, paralysis, diarrhea and, in severe cases, convulsions. The symptoms of carbamate insecticide poisoning in mammals are essentially identical with those of organophosphates. A moderate inhibition (15-36%) of... 

Tarbah, F. A., Kardel, B., Pier. S Temme, 0 and Daldrup, T. (2004). Acute poisoning with phosphamidon Determination of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) a.s a stable metabolite io a ca.se of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. J. Anal. Toxicol- 28, 198-203. 

D20. Domjan, G., Jako, J., and Valyi-Nagy, I., Determination of cholinesterase in human blood using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6, 279-284 (1998). D21. Du Toit, P. W., Muller, F. O., and van Tonder, W. M., Experience with the intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. S. Afr. Med. J. 60,227-229 (1981). 

Hill, E.F. and V.M. Mendenhall. 1980. Secondary poisoning of bam owls with famphur, an organophosphate insecticide. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 44 676-681. 

Obidoxime is an antidote used to treat poisoning with insecticides of the organophosphate type (p. 102). Phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase causes an irreversible inhibition of ace-Ltillmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

C. Bronchoconstriction and secretion and muscular weaknesses occur from acetylcholine accumulation after inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, and it is readily available. Poisoning with compound 1080 (fluorocitrate) inhibits mitochondrial respiration and causes seizures and car-... 

Hassan RM, Pesce AJ, Sheng P, et al. 1981. Correlation of serum pseudocholinesterase and clinical course in two patients poisoned with organophosphate insecticides. Clin Toxicol 18(4) 401-406. 

It is difficult to obtain figures that accurately reflect the incidence of pesticide poisoning, and the number of documented cases of direct human poisoning in the USA varies from source to source. It was estimated that there are 100,000 nonfatal cases of human poisoning each year from pesticide exposure (7). In 1973 there were 1,A7A cases of occupational illness associated with pesticide exposure in California (8). Organophosphate insecticides are a major cause of occupational poisoning. 

Atropine is the recommended antidote for organophosphate and carbamate insecticide poisoning. It competes with acetylcholine for the active site of the acetylcholine... 

Tarbah FA, Kardel B. Pier S, Temme O, Daldrup T. Acute poisoning with phosphamidon determination of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) as a stable metabolite in a case of organophosphate insecticide intoxication. J Anal Toxicol 2004 28 198-203. 

Long-term effects on the human CNS after poisoning with nerve agents or organophosphate insecticides have been reported.18,82,83 These reports are based on clinical observations, which occasionally are supported by psychological studies. In general, the behavioral effects have not been permanent but have lasted weeks to several months, or possibly several years.84... 

Diazepam, an anticonvulsant of the benzodiazepine family, has been shown to control soman-induced convulsions in monkeys96 and convulsions induced by other ChE inhibitors in the rabbit.97,98 There have also been anecdotal reports of its effectiveness in controlling convulsions induced by organophosphate insecticides. In rats, diazepam has been reported to decrease the frequency of convulsions and brain lesions (although, when given without atropine, it did not decrease mortality).99 When given with 2-PAM Cl, with or without atropine, diazepam reduced the severity, but not the incidence, of brain lesions in soman-poisoned rats.100... 

A. Atropinization may occur more rapidly if atropine and pralidoxime are given concurrently to patients with organophosphate or carbamate insecticide poisoning. 

A. Oximes are used to treat poisoning caused by cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides and nerve agents, ie, organophosphates, mixtures of organophospho-ms and carbamate insecticides, or pure carbamate insecticide intoxication with nicotinic-associated symptoms. Because of its low toxicity, possible ineffectiveness if treatment is delayed until after the cholinesterase enzyme has aged, ability to reverse nicotinic as well as muscarinic effects, and ability to reduce atropine requirements, pralidoxime should be used early and empirically for suspected cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. 

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