Organophosphate insecticide poisoning

Dean A, Pugh J, Embrey K, et al. 1984. Organophosphate insecticide poisoning among siblings—Mississippi. MMWR 33 592-594. 

Still another experimental route to introducing otherwise excluded molecules into the brain is to chemically modify them so that they are lipophilic and therefore can passively diffuse. The brain, just as most other organs and tissues of the body, has enzymes to metabolize or biotransform metabolites in order to use and then get rid of them. Many of these pathways are oxidative. A reduced species or derivative which is lipophilic can enter the brain by simple passive diffusion there to be oxidatively transformed into an active state. Compounds which have been tested in animals include derivatives of 2-PAM (an antidote for organophosphate insecticide poisoning) and phenylethylamine (similar to amphetamine type molecules). Figure 5 illustrates the general concept behind this method. 

Atropine is an "antidote" to poisoning by excessive stimulation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors such as occurs in mucarine and organophosphate insecticide poisoning. 

Farm workers are especially susceptible to organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Unsafe spraying conditions can lead to accumulated toxicity and chronic symptoms. Since there are many enzymes in the body which are in the serine esterase family along with Achase and can complex... 

The usual symptoms of organophosphate insecticide poisoning in mammals are muscular twitching, urination, extreme weakness, salivation, paralysis, diarrhea and, in severe cases, convulsions. The symptoms of carbamate insecticide poisoning in mammals are essentially identical with those of organophosphates. A moderate inhibition (15-36%) of... 

Sungar M, Guven M. Intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Crit Care 2001 5 211—215. 

Karalliede L, Eddlestone M, Murray V (2001). The global picture of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. In Organophosphates and Health (Karalliede L, Feldman S, Henry J, Marrs T eds), pp 431 —471. London, UK Imperial College Press. 

Hirshberg A, Lerman Y Clinical problems in organophosphate insecticide poisoning the use of a computerized information system. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 4 S209-S214,1984... 

List the major signs and symptoms of (1) organophosphate insecticide poisoning and (2) acute nicotine toxicity. 

Tarbah, F. A., Kardel, B., Pier. S Temme, 0 and Daldrup, T. (2004). Acute poisoning with phosphamidon Determination of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) a.s a stable metabolite io a ca.se of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. J. Anal. Toxicol- 28, 198-203. 

Vucinic, S., Joksovic, D., Todorovic, V.. Segrt, Z., Poirebic, O., Jovaiiovic, M., Rezic, T., and Djordjevic, D. (2003). Acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning Antidotes and intensive care management. C/in. Toxicol. 41,444-445. 

D20. Domjan, G., Jako, J., and Valyi-Nagy, I., Determination of cholinesterase in human blood using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6, 279-284 (1998). D21. Du Toit, P. W., Muller, F. O., and van Tonder, W. M., Experience with the intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. S. Afr. Med. J. 60,227-229 (1981). 

Ganendran A. Organophosphate insecticide poisoning and its management. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1974 2 361-368. 

A second type of delayed neurological manifestation of organophosphate insecticide poisoning is the intermediate syndrome. In a series of 200 consecutive cases of organophosphate insecti-... 

Namba T, Nolte CT, Jackrel J, et al. 1971. Poisoning due to organophosphate insecticides—Acute and chronic manifestations. Am J Med 50 475-492. 

Hill, E.F. and V.M. Mendenhall. 1980. Secondary poisoning of bam owls with famphur, an organophosphate insecticide. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 44 676-681. 

C. Bronchoconstriction and secretion and muscular weaknesses occur from acetylcholine accumulation after inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, and it is readily available. Poisoning with compound 1080 (fluorocitrate) inhibits mitochondrial respiration and causes seizures and car-... 

Hassan RM, Pesce AJ, Sheng P, et al. 1981. Correlation of serum pseudocholinesterase and clinical course in two patients poisoned with organophosphate insecticides. Clin Toxicol 18(4) 401-406. 

Mirza AM, Schaub N, Samler L, et al. 1972. Organophosphate insecticide diazinon poisoning in children. Med Annals of the Dist of Columbia 41 559-560. 

Organophosphate insecticides such as parathion may lead to a variety of symptoms in mammals poisoned by them. List five such symptoms and explain these in terms of the mechanism of action. 

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