Soman induced convulsions

Lipp, J.A. 1972. Effect of diazepam upon soman-induced seizure activities and convulsions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32 557-560. 

Myhrer, T., Andersen, J.M., Nguyen, N.H., Aas, P. (2005). Soman-induced convulsions in rats terminated with pharmacological agents after 45 min neuropathology and cognitive performance. Neurotoxicology 26 39-48. 

Clement, J.G., Lee, M.J. (1980). Soman-induced convulsions significance of changes in levels of blood electrolytes, gases, glucose and insulin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55 203-4. 

Shih, T-M., Scremin, O.U. (1992). Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in soman-induced convulsions. Brain Res. Bull. 28 735-42. 

Ames, R., Steenland, K., Jenkins, B., Chrislop, D. and Russo, J. 1995. Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agriculture pesticide applicators. Arch. Environ. Health, 50 440-444. Anderson, D.R., Harris, L.W., Chang, F.-C.T., Baze, W.B., Capacio, B.R., Byers, S.L. and Lennox, W.J. 1997. Antagonism of soman-induced convulsion by midazolam, diazepam and scopolamine. Drug Chem. Toxicol, 20 115-131. 

Lipp, J.A. 1973. Effect of benzodiazepine derivatives on soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions in the monkey. Arc/r Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 202 244—251. 

Anderson DR, Harris LW, Chang F-C et al. (1997). Antagonism of soman-induced convulsions by midazolam, diazepam and scopolamine. Drug Chem Toxicol, 20, 115-131. 

Lipp JA (1974). Effect of small doses of clonazepam upon soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions. Arch Int Pharmacody Ther, 210, 49-54. 

Lundy PM, Magor G and Shaw RK (1978). Gamma aminobutyric acid metabolism in different areas of rat brain at the onset of soman-induced convulsions. Arch Int Pharmacodyn, 234, 64—73. 

Myhrer et al. (2005) demonstrated that a triple regimen consisting of procyclidine (6 mg/kg), diazepam (10 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) effectively terminated soman-induced seizures/convulsions in rats when administered 30-40 minutes following the onset of poisoning. In their study, the test animals were administered LD50 doses of soman. 

Rats pretreated with diazepam [439-14-5] or benactyzine [302-40-9] 10 minutes before soman injection prevented the convulsive activity of soman (Pazdemik et al. 1986). By comparison, pretreatment with atropine only reduced the duration of convulsive action of soman after exposure. Diazepam, prali-doxime, and atropine showed antidotal action against soman-induced cardiovascular toxicity in rats in postpoisoning treatment (Batail-lard et al. 1990). 

Diazepam, an anticonvulsant of the benzodiazepine family, has been shown to control soman-induced convulsions in monkeys96 and convulsions induced by other ChE inhibitors in the rabbit.97,98 There have also been anecdotal reports of its effectiveness in controlling convulsions induced by organophosphate insecticides. In rats, diazepam has been reported to decrease the frequency of convulsions and brain lesions (although, when given without atropine, it did not decrease mortality).99 When given with 2-PAM Cl, with or without atropine, diazepam reduced the severity, but not the incidence, of brain lesions in soman-poisoned rats.100... 

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