Temperature induced

Dubois L FI, Zegarski B R and Nuzzo R G 1990 Temperature induced reconstruction of model organic-surfaces J. Eiectron Spectrosc. Reiat. Phenom. 54/55 1143-52... 

Melting is only one of many processes that nanocrystals can undergo when they are heated. Temperature-induced phase transitions are equally important in nanocrystals, especially in covalent materials such as oxides [210]. 

Another property pecuHar to SMAs is the abiUty under certain conditions to exhibit superelastic behavior, also given the name linear superelasticity. This is distinguished from the pseudoelastic behavior, SIM. Many of the martensitic alloys, when deformed well beyond the point where the initial single coalesced martensite has formed, exhibit a stress-induced martensite-to-martensite transformation. In this mode of deformation, strain recovery occurs through the release of stress, not by a temperature-induced phase change, and recoverable strains in excess of 15% have been observed. This behavior has been exploited for medical devices. 

Fmctose is sweeter than sucrose at low temperatures (- S C) at higher temperatures, the reverse is tme. At 40°C, they have equal sweetness, the result of a temperature-induced shift in the percentages of a- and P-fmctose anomers. The taste of sucrose is synergistic with high intensity sweeteners (eg, sucralose and aspartame) and can be enhanced or prolonged by substances like glycerol monostearate, lecithin, and maltol (19). 

Figure 4.25. Experimental configuration for optical pyrometry of shock temperatures induced in transparent minerals. Upon impact of projectile with driver plate, a shock wave is driven into the driver plate and then into the sample. Optical radiation from the sample is detected via six lens/interference filter channels and an array of six photodiodes. Signals from photodiode circuits are recorded on oscilloscopes operating in single sweep model. (After Ahrens et al. (1982).)...

Ahrens, T.J., Lyzenga, G.A., and Mitchell, A.C. (1982), Temperatures Induced by Shock Waves in Minerals, in High Pressure Research in Geophysics (edited by Akimoto S. and M.H. Manghnani), Center for Academic Publications, Japan, pp. 579-594. 

Laminated beams (glulam), parallam (or LSL) and fingerjoints a flat pressed multilayer wood beam, thiek wood planks constituting the layers, used for structural exterior applications and bonded with PRF (phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde) cold-setting resins, or MUF cold-setting resins, or even with certain types of polurethanes (although the use of these latter ones is only established in one country and can show creep and temperature-induced creep problems). The indi-... 

Simulation models describe the various conditions occurring during a press cycle (gradients of the temperature, the moisture content, the steam pressure and the formed bond strengths) which lead both to microbuckling of the wood cell walls by their moisture and temperature-induced densification (Fig. 6) [215-218]. 

Unlike gases and liquids, the temperatures induced by the rapid loading of solids can be relatively modest. Only at pressures greater than many tens of gigapascal (GPa) are the temperatures of major importance in solid density samples. In porous solid compacts, significantly higher temperatures may be encountered, but, even in this case at lower pressures, mechanical rather than thermal effects may often be dominant. 

In a study of the temperature-induced reversible denaturation of the protein chymotrypsinogen,... 

Air density at oudet = 0.067 Ib/ft (close to 95% saturation at hot water temperature, induced draft fan condition). 

In practice, thermal cycling rather than isothermal conditions more frequently occurs, leading to a deviation from steady state thermodynamic conditions and introducing kinetic modifications. Lattice expansion and contraction, the development of stresses and the production of voids at the alloy-oxide interface, as well as temperature-induced compositional changes, can all give rise to further complications. The resulting loss of scale adhesion and spalling may lead to breakaway oxidation " in which linear oxidation replaces parabolic oxidation (see Section 1.10). 

The kinetic energy of charge earners in a solid increases with increasing temperature and therefore the probability that a charge carrier passes a given potential barrier also increases. The thermally induced current flow of the charge earners from a metal contact into a polymer film can be derived from the Richardson equation, which describes the temperature-induced emission of hot charge carriers from a metal surface... 

The above strategy was tested [27] with a 3-layer LED consisting of a poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene) (PTV) layer, known to have particularly low oxidation potential [28], followed by a layer of l,4-fcrs-(4 -diphenylaminostyryl)-2,5-di-methoxy-benzene (DASMB) [29] and a layer of 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tcrt-butyl-pheenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol (PBD) dispersed in polystyrene (PS) in a 20 80 ratio. Films of poly-(2,5-thienylene-a-bromoethylcne) were obtained by vapor phase pyrolysis of 2,5-W.v-(bromomethyl)lhiophcne and subsequent vapor deposition of the quinoid monomers onto a cold substrate following a previously published procedure [30]. They were converted to PTV by temperature-induced elimination of HBr. 

Sulfinyl oxiranes 2 can be desulfurized with butyllithium at very low temperature to give oxiranes with retention of configuration as a result of a ligand exchange at sulfur (see also Table 6). However, with a benzylic substituent R1, an excess of butyllithium may at higher temperatures induce an elimination to an allylic alcohol. 

Obviously, the designer must take thermal expansion and contraction into account if critical dimensions and clearances are to be maintained during use where material is in a restricted design. Less obvious is the fact that products may develop high stresses when they are constrained from freely expanding or contracting in response to temperature changes. These temperature-induced stresses can cause material failure. 

Because of these observations, comparative experiments with peptides of different proline content in a solvent less polar than water, are recommended. (Pro-Pro-Gly)n and (Pro-Ala-Gly)n, in methanol/acetic add (volume ratio 9 1) show a temperature-induced triple helix-coil transition which is characterized by the following parameters92,150) (Pro-Pro-Gly)n AH°s = -1.9 kJ/rnol tripeptide AS° = -5.4 J tnor1 K (Pro-Ala-Gly) A HI = -0.9 kJ/mol tripeptide A 5° = -3.8 J mol-1 K ... 

Xiao, C.-M. Mascarenhas, J.P. (1985). High temperature-induced thermotolerance in pollen tubes of Tradescantia and heat-shock protein. Plant Physiology, 78, 887-9. 

Scheme 17 Temperature-induced epimerization of chiral cationic phosphate 62...

Function and Regulation of Temperature-Inducible Bacterial Proteins on the Cellular Metabolism 3... 

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