Organic chemicals, tables

Pharmaceutical substances form the backbone of modern medicinal therapy. Most traditional pharmaceuticals are low molecular mass organic chemicals (Table 1.1). Although some (e.g. aspirin) were originally isolated from biological sources, most are now manufactured by direct chemical synthesis. Two types of manufacturing companies thus comprise the traditional pharmaceutical sector the chemical synthesis plants, which manufacture the raw chemical ingredients in bulk quantities, and the finished product pharmaceutical facilities, which purchase these raw bulk ingredients, formulate them into final pharmaceutical products, and supply these products to the end-user. 

Biomass as Feedstock for Synthetic Organic Chemicals TABLE 13.6 (Continued)... 

A brief mention of the toxicities of industrially common metals is useful when compared to the toxicities of some organic chemicals. Table 14.1... 

Dissociation constant in mol kg mol 1 solution (aqueous). In the organic chemical tables, K is the dissociation constant of acid compounds. 

PROPENE The major use of propene is in the produc tion of polypropylene Two other propene derived organic chemicals acrylonitrile and propylene oxide are also starting materials for polymer synthesis Acrylonitrile is used to make acrylic fibers (see Table 6 5) and propylene oxide is one component in the preparation of polyurethane polymers Cumene itself has no direct uses but rather serves as the starting material in a process that yields two valuable indus trial chemicals acetone and phenol... 

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Cyclic Hydrocarbons. The cyclic hydrocarbon intermediates are derived principally from petroleum and natural gas, though small amounts are derived from coal. Most cycHc intermediates are used in the manufacture of more advanced synthetic organic chemicals and finished products such as dyes, medicinal chemicals, elastomers, pesticides, and plastics and resins. Table 6 details the production and sales of cycHc intermediates in 1991. Benzene (qv) is the largest volume aromatic compound used in the chemical industry. It is extracted from catalytic reformates in refineries, and is produced by the dealkylation of toluene (qv) (see also BTX Processing). 

The main commercial source of methane, ethane, and propane is natural gas, which is found ia many areas of the world ia porous reservoirs they are associated either with cmde oil (associated gas) or ia gas reservoirs ia which no oil is present (nonassociated gas). These gases are basic raw materials for the organic chemical industry as well as sources of energy. The composition of natural gas varies widely but the principal hydrocarbon usually is methane (see Gas, natural). Compositions of typical natural gases are Hsted ia Table 2. 

Caprolactam, mol wt 113.16, is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline soHd at ambient temperature, with a characteristic odor. It is very soluble in water and in most common organic solvents and is sparingly soluble in high molecular weight aUphatic hydrocarbons. Molten caprolactam is a powerful solvent for polar and nonpolar organic chemicals. Selected physical properties and solubiUties of caprolactam are Hsted in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 

Industrial ethanol is one of the largest-volume organic chemicals used in industrial and consumer products. The main uses for ethanol are as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals (Table 8) and as a solvent. As a solvent, ethanol is second only to water. Ethanol is a key raw material in the manufacture of dmgs, plastics, lacquers, poHshes, plasticizers, perfumes, and cosmetics. Around 1960, manufacture of ethanol was the top consumer of ethylene in the United States, but since 1965 it has rated below manufacture of ethylene oxide and polyethylene. 

IIS estimate the total installed cost for a grass-roots plant producing an organic chemical (S-F process) on a continuous basis. We assume that the total cost of delivered equipment 2, (C )del is 1 million and use suitable factors from Table 9-51. 

Table 9. Properties of Organic Chemicals Found at Contaminated Sites.

Table 11. Representative Organic Chemicals and Typical Retentivities on Activated Carbons...

Epoxy resin paints, inferior to chlorinated rubber for resistance to strong acids, are excellent for dilute acids and strong alkalis. They produce a harder, more abrasion-resistant coating than does chlorinated rubber and are much better for resistance to fats, oils and many organic solvents. Table 3.50 gives data on the chemical resistance of epoxy resin coatings to different materials. 

Microbial cells are very attractive as a source of catalysts for the production of organic chemicals because of their broad range of enzymes capable of a wide variety of chemical reactions, some of which are illustrated in Table 2.1. 

The periodic table is a useful way to organize chemical properties. To help you see the patterns, the periodic table on the inside front cover of this book highlights the various groups of elements. As you learn more about chemical structure and behavior, you will discover the principles that account for similarities and differences in the chemical behavior of the elements. 

Table 1.3(a). Organic chemical production in the USA (2001) along with average annual change over the ten years 1991-2001 (source Chemical ej Engineering News, June 24, 2002)... 

An alternative viewpoint for structure-activity investigations is to utilize quantitative models as probes into the mechanism of action of the set of compounds being studied. In this case it is most useful if the molecular descriptors are explicitly meaningful in terms of chemical reactivity or physiological behavior, e.g., distribution of the compound in an organism (see Table II). In a previous symposium, (18), we described our application of this approach toward the development of a quantitative structure-potency expression, equation 1,... 

Table 8.1 Threshold values for each organic chemical hazard endpoint included in the Green Screen v1.0. 

The major potential uses of wastes in cementing technology are summarized in Table 10-16. There are many Russian patents dealing with the use of wastes from the production of organic chemicals as cement additives. 

Tab. 8.1 Major producers and suppliers of reference materials for inorganic and organic chemical composition quality control. The table lists in alphabetical order the popular names, or abbreviations, which may not be the full official title...

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

Table III illustrates the impact of adsorption on the leaching of organic chemicals in the soil. A water input of 305 cm was used, which is equivalent to a full year of precipitation in the eastern United States. In a soil with a field capacity of 30%, the water would penetrate 1017 cm. Mirex with a very large Kqc is practically immobile after a full year of precipitation, it is still on the surface. It is likely that any compound adsorbed this strongly would be carried off the land surface by soil erosion instead of being leached into the soil. In contrast, DBCP, which is very weakly adsorbed, penetrates the soil profile almost as far as the water does.

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