Suitability factor

IIS estimate the total installed cost for a grass-roots plant producing an organic chemical (S-F process) on a continuous basis. We assume that the total cost of delivered equipment 2, (C )del is 1 million and use suitable factors from Table 9-51. 

The simplest shape for the cavity is a sphere or possibly an ellipsoid. This has the advantage that the electrostatic interaction between M and the dielectric medium may be calculated analytically. More realistic models employ moleculai shaped cavities, generated for example by interlocking spheres located on each nuclei. Taking the atomic radius as a suitable factor (typical value is 1.2) times a van der Waals radius defines a van der Waals surface. Such a surface may have small pockets where no solvent molecules can enter, and a more appropriate descriptor may be defined as the surface traced out by a spherical particle of a given radius rolling on the van der Waals surface. This is denoted the Solvent Accessible Surface (SAS) and illustrated in Figm e 16.7. 

Many correlations have been published for predicting the height of a transfer unit, and the mass-transfer coefficients several are reviewed in Volume 2, Chapter 12. The two methods given in this section have been found to be reliable for preliminary design work, and, in the absence of practical values, can be used for the final design with a suitable factor of safety. 

Equations 12.62 and 12.63 are for boiling single component fluids for mixtures the coefficient will generally be lower than that predicted by these equations. The equations can be used for close boiling range mixtures, say less than 5°C and for wider boiling ranges with a suitable factor of safety (see Section 12.11.6). 

Maximum principal stress theory which postulates that a member will fail when one of the principal stresses reaches the failure value in simple tension, or. The failure point in a simple tension is taken as the yield-point stress, or the tensile strength of the material, divided by a suitable factor of safety. 

By applying a suitable factor of safety, equation 13.72 can be used to predict the maximum allowable compressive stress to avoid failure by buckling. A large factor of safety is required, as experimental work has shown that cylindrical vessels will buckle at values well below that given by equation 13.72. For steels at ambient temperature E = 200,000 N/mm2, and equation 13.72 with a factor of safety of 12 gives ... 

The value of the suitability factor S varies from typically 3-5 for first-row atom organic crystals to 0.1-0.3 for metals and alloys of first row transition metal elements. (Table 12.1). The implication is that much better accuracy will be... 

Thus to explain the behaviour or real gases, the pressure has to be corrected by multiplying with a suitable factor to get the fugacity... 

The combination of a flexible set of system suitability factors plus a range of possible valid method changes allows the analyst to achieve acceptable method performance within a valid set of guidelines. 

The next step is to find the net increase in oxidation number for the oxidized atoms and the net decrease in oxidation number for the reduced atoms. Then, multiply the net increase and the net decrease by suitable factors so that the two become equal. In the present instance, the net increase in oxidation number is 2 (as two Br ions go from — 1 to 0), and the net decrease in oxidation number is 5 (as Mn goes from +7 to +2). Multiplying the net increase by 5 and the net decrease by 2 will make them equal at 10. Thus, we must multiply the coefficients of the manganese species by 2 and the coefficients of the Br species by 5. 

Step 5. Balance each half-reaction for charge by adding electrons to the side with greater positive charge, and then multiply by suitable factors to make the electron count the same in both half-reactions. 

The remaining two rate constants are multiplied by suitable factors to give the best match between the heterogeneous model and the industrial data, or equivalently, the data obtained from the pseudohomogeneous model. 

It is usually desirable to either measure or calculate horsepower, and there are several methods by which this can be done. One is to have impellers calibrated by the manufacturer, which provides a curve of power versus speed. By using suitable factors for judging viscosity and gas flow, power in the batch can be estimated as a function of the impeller speed. Another possibility is to place the impeller on a trunion bearing mounting, in which the motor is held stationary by a pulley arm, and the force required is measured on a scale. Another method involves the use of strain gauges, which measure either the elongation on the surface of a shaft or the changes in conductivity... 

The pattern can be obtained from the polymer temperature or concentration variations in addition to the change of G°N. The relaxation function may be too complicated a mathematical expression ever to be calculated, nonetheless, it obeys a property of invariance which allows the superposition of all normalised relaxation curves to one another by adjusting a suitable factor to the time scale of each curve. The time shift factor is found to obey the equation... 

Once the required flow rate is determined, apply a suitable factor of safety. The value of this factor of safety can vary from a low of 5 percent of the required flow to a high of 50 percent or more, depending on the application. Typical safety factors are in the 10 percent range. With flow rates up to 1000 gal/min, and in the selection of process pumps, it is common practice to round off a computed required flow rate to the next highest round-number capacity. Thus, with a required flow rate of 450 gal/min and a 10 percent safety factor, the flow of450 + 0.10(450) = 495 gal/min would be rounded off to 500 gal/min before selecting the pump. A pump of 500 gal/min, or larger, capacity would be selected. 

You will ha /e noticed that the electron reactions are all written in Table 32-2 so as to produce one electron. This is done for convenience with this convention the ratio of two values of K gives the equilibrium constant for the reaction obtained by subtracting the equation for one couple from that for another. It is sometimes desirable to clear the equation of fractions by multiplying by a suitable factor as we have seen from the examples given above, and as we know from the defiiTition of equilibrium constant, this involves raising the equilibrium constant to the power equal to this factor. 

Much of the practically oriented literature utilizing the Lagrangian is devoted for finding suitable factorizations of gm(], which allows one to avoid the full inversion of [gy] to obtain [g(yl] (see Refs. 17 and 18). For example, the matrix gint in Eq. (42) can be represented as a product... 

Curve resolution methods are focused on extracting information of the pure components in a mixture system through a suitable factorization of the experimental data matrix D into the product of two simpler matrices C and that refer to pure peak prohles and pure spectra of components, respectively (33). Mathematically, the equation of the resolution process can be written as follows ... 

By use of suitable factor preparations to modify the coagulation time, a great variety of tests has been developed. These have been particularly... 

Besides the application of market share analysis to monitor sales relative to external criteria, correlation techniques can also be helpful to Market Research. To develop suitable factors of correlation, the basic demand for a product must be investigated. The demand for a chemical firm s product may be thought of as being due to four elements the state of the general economy, competitive activity, the price and physical property relationships of substitute materials produced either by the chemical or other industries, and consumer income and tastes. The first three elements are generally of immediate concern to the typical Chemical Market Research Department. The importance of the last element, consumer income and tastes in our industry, is generally of secondary importance, because chemical firms are usually removed by several stages of production from the economy. 

To find the most suitable factor combinations, we can distinguish between simultaneous and sequential optimization approaches. 

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