Polymers optical

Enami, Y. Peyghambarian, N. Kawazu, M. Jen, A. K. Y., Hybrid electro optic polymer and selectively buried sol gel waveguides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82,490 492... 

Sinyukov, A. M. Hayden, L. M., Generation and detection of terahertz radiation with multilayered electro optic polymer films, Opt. Lett. 2002, 27, 55 57... 

Bauer, W. S. Yilmaz, S. Wirges, W. Gerhard Multhaupt, R., Optimized poling of nonlinear optical polymers based on dipole orientation and dipole relaxation studies, J. Appl. Phys. 1994,75,7211 7219... 

The Wiley Series in Polymer Science aims to cover topics in polymer science where significant advances have been made over the past decade. Key features of the series will be developing areas and new frontiers in polymer science and technology. Emerging fields with strong growth potential for the twenty-first century such as nanotechnology, photopolymers, electro-optic polymers etc. will be covered. Additionally, those polymer classes in which important new members have appeared in recent years will be revisited to provide a comprehensive update. 

Approximately 252 million dollars in counterfeit U.S. currency is recovered each year. While this is a small percentage of the 540 billion U.S. dollars that are assumed to circulate worldwide, there is clearly a need for more sophisticated security features. A possible solution is to use multilayer coextrusion technology to create an optical polymer substrate for U.S. currency. 

Company Technology This is about whether the product utilizes the company s multilayer technology. It has a weighting of 0.15. The optical polymer should have a high score because the coextruded film does not require much knowledge of other technologies such as adhesives, etc. 

Multilayer coextrusion technology is used to create an optical polymer substrate for U.S. currency. The final product specifications of the optical currency are listed below ... 

Note 3 A polymer that exhibits a nonlinear optical effect due to anisotropic electric susceptibilities when subjected to electric field together with light irradiation is called an electro-optical polymer. A polymer that exhibits electro-optical behavior combined with photoconductivity is called a photorefractive polymer. 

Any (bio)chemical reaction is accompanied by energy conversion, most often in the form of heat production, the amount of heat produced being proportional to that of substance converted. Therefore, heat is a highly nonspecific expression of a (bio)chemical reaction but can be used as indicative for a given substance when this is selectively converted (e.g. by effect of a catalyst, particularly an enzyme). This section discusses three types of sensors based on the use of as many types of devices for measurement of the heat involved in a biochemical reaction, namely fibre optics, polymer films and thermistors. 

Figure 6.108 Examples of nonlinear optical polymers (a) fluorinated polyrmide and (b) polyacrylate with NLO side groups. Reprinted, by permission, from P. BaU, Made to Measure, p. 55. Copyright 1997 by Princeton University Press.

Recently, optical telecommunications tliat transmit large amounts of information via light signals have been rapidly replacing conventional electrical telecommunications. Optical polymers, such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polycarbonate (PC) are used for plastic optical fibers and waveguides. However, these polymers do not have enough Ihermal... 

Apear Apel B.F. Goodrich (18) Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc. Optical Polymers... 

The application of electro-optic polymer materials to practical devices will require some significant advances in the development of the materials. The primary advance required is the achievement of suitable thermal stability of the poled state over temperature ranges determined by fabrication, assembly, and end use requirements. Table in illustrates some of the temperatures and conditions under which a poled polymer must remain poled to within a few percent of its initial value over the life of a device. 

The simple analysis presented above confirms that new formulations are required to produce stable, reliable products for field use. Practical system requirements, as defined by Mil Spec conformity and the use of standard fabrication and assembly processes, definitely require that a electro-optic polymer system with better thermal properties than thermoplastic acrylates be developed. That this is true for optical interconnection boards and modules is not surprising because of their complexity. It is perhaps remarkable that it remains true for even simple devices, such as a packaged, pigtailed traveling-wave modulator. The ultimate success of electro-optic polymers will be their use in cost-effective products that are used by systems designers. 

Lytel, R. Lipscomb, F. Electro-Optic Polymer Waveguide Devices Status and Applications, this volume... 

Novel Covalently Functionalized Amorphous X2 Nonlinear Optical Polymer... 

Three synthetic approaches to donor-acceptor-substituted conjugated molecules with enhanced orientability in electric fields, potentially applicable to the preparation of electro-optic polymers via electric field poling, are summarized. The three approaches are parallel attachment of chromophores to a common framework, embedding the chromophore in a zwitterion, and head-to-tail oligomerization of chromophores. The oligomerization method as well as the use of dyes as curing agents are briefly discussed in relation to the stability of electric field-induced polar order in polymer matrices. 

These materials may also be included in guest-host or side-chain polymer systems, similar to those exploited in electro-optic polymer studies. This would improve processability for waveguide devices. The coefficients quoted above show that such a doped polymer could function at reasonable power levels and waveguide dimensions with an active region 1-2 mm long. 

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