Operations, waste minimization

Process operation for waste minimization. Many of the problems associated with waste from process operations can be mitigated if the... 

Changeover between products causes waste because equipment must be cleaned. Such waste can be minimized by scheduling operation to minimize product changeovers. 

You should use the material balance information to identify the major sources of waste and pollution, to look for deviations from the norm in waste production, to identify areas of unexplained losses, and to pinpoint operations that contribute to flows that exceed national-, local-, or site-discharge regulations. Also, a good thing to remember is that, from a practical standpoint, process ciency is synonymous with waste minimization. 

Sludge or solid waste is unavoidably produced in the treatment of water containing suspended solids. There are, however different technologies that we can select among that will indeed concentrate these solids, and thereby reduce the volumes that we ultimately must dispose of. In addition, some sludge can be stabilized and treated, which can impart a low, but none-the-less marketable value to this waste. These technologies and practices do indeed constitute pollution prevention and waste minimization programs within water treatment plant operations, and they can... 

For the organic contaminants, the required bromine product quality wilt also be site specific. If the catalytic oxidation unit is dedicated to a single bromination process, phase separation and drying may be the only purification required. Contaminants in the recovered bromine which are either the starting materials or products of the original bromination reaction should not present a problem if present in bromine recycled to the bromination reactor. In this case, the catalytic reactor would be operated to minimize the formation of undesirable brominated byproducts. For example, if phenol is present in the waste HBr from a tribromo-phenol manufacturing process, minor tribromophenol contamination of the bromine recycled to the reactor should not be a problem. Similarly, fluorobenzene in bromine recycled to a fluorobenzene bromination process should not present a problem. 

Landfills are the physical facilities used for the ultimate disposal of residual solid wastes in the ground. In the past, the term sanitary landfill was used to denote a landfill in which the wastes were placed in the landfill and then covered at the end of daily operation. Today, sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impact. 

The CAA compliance deadline may cause companies to install simple end-of-pipe emissions controls, instead of pollution prevention process changes. In order to limit this practice and encourage waste minimization, U.S. EPA allows owners and operators of combustion facilities to request a one-year extension to the compliance period in cases where additional time is needed to install pollution prevention and waste minimization measures that reduce the amount of hazardous waste entering combustion feedstreams.16 Requests for a one-year extension must reasonably document that the waste minimization measures could not be installed in time to meet the three-year compliance period. Decisions to grant the extensions will be made by U.S. EPA or authorized state programs. 

Smith R and Petela EA (1992) Waste Minimization in the Process Industries Part 4 Process Operations, Chem Eng, 517 9. 

Operations improvement, waste minimization via, 25 884t Ophthalmic drug delivery systems, 18 711 Ophthalmic drug dosage forms, 18 716 Ophthalmic solutions, ethylene oxide polymers in, 10 687 Opiates, economic aspects, 2 108 Opium, 2 89-90... 

The clean and efficient production of azo dyes is a classical chemistry problem. The manufacture of this industrially important family of compounds is traditionally associated with the additional formation of large quantities of hazardous and colored waste. A method for the construction of both phenolic and amino azodyes has been reported using a polymer-supported nitrite reagent to effect diazoti-zation of aromatic amines (Scheme 2.53) [80]. Waste minimization and operational simplicity, along with improved separation technologies, are key advantages of polymer-supported reagents in this area. 

Source control and waste minimization can be extremely effective in reducing the costs for in-plant controls and end-of-pipe treatment, and in some cases can eliminate the need for some treatment units entirely. The first step is to prepare an inventory of the waste sources and continuously monitor those sources for flow rates and contaminants. The next step is to develop in-plant operating and equipment changes to reduce the amount of wastes. The following are some of the techniques available for the pesticides manufacturing facilities. 

And dioxins are by no means unique in regard to the risks that humans and other animals face as a result of chemical manufacturing operations. Indeed, one only need to look again at chart of Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals (WMPC) in chapter 5 to be reminded of the very large number of hazardous chemicals that have become a normal part of the environment today. 

Thermal desorption treatment is generally considered to be an alternative to incineration. Thermal desorption operates at much lower temperatures than incineration and keeps the heating systems independent of the wastes, which minimizes off-gas production. The technology can be used as a waste minimization process, isolating and concentrating waste constituents, or as a product recovery process. Thermal desorption can also be used to separate contaminants in mixed waste streams by removing volatile constituents. 

Treatment of waste should be considered only after source reduction and recycling options are fully addressed. Treatment includes methods for separation of the metals fraction from the wastes stream. This typically involves neutralization, precipitation, filtration and drying operations. Waste treatment, although often desirable and necessary, is not considered to be a waste minimization option by the USEPA... 

Assessment of a company s waste minimization needs includes examining the content of and volume of hazardous waste streams it generates, and the processes or operations that generate them. The object of this step is to prioritize the needs of the company, based on environmental risk, liability, and economic criteria. 

The recommended strategy for developing effective waste minimization options for parts cleaning operations relies on systematic exploration of the following sequence of steps ... 

Requires annual certification by hazardous waste generators who operate onsite TSD facilities that they have a waste minimization program in operation. Further, they must certify that the treatment, storage, or disposal methods minimize threats to human health and environment. 

The initial steps for WREAFS pollution prevention projects usually begin with an opportunity assessment of the specific operation. For example, within DOD the greatest quantities of hazardous waste are generated by plating, cleaning and stripping operations. By conducting waste minimization opportunity assessments at several of these operations, pollution prevention alternatives and recommendations can be shared with similar operations. An assessment of a... 

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