Operations of piping

I-2.2.3 A shutoff valve shall be installed in each takeoff line as near as practicable to the point of takeoff. Blowdown valves shall be installed where necessary for the safe operation of piping, instruments, and equipment. 

Follow applicable codes in handling containers and in the design, installation, and operation of piping systems. 

Restart Criterion 1 requires inspection and test programs to be defined and in place before reactor startup to ensure the integrity and operability of piping systems and equipment. 

Inspection and test programs shall be defined and in place before reactor start up to ensure integrity and operability of piping systems and equipment. The Inspection and Test Plan shall delineate the scope of each program including procedures, frequencies, quantities, extent, acceptance criteria, and applicable codes and standards. The Inspection and Test Pl i n shall be reviewed and approved by DOE. 

The concept of the specific resistance used in equation 4 is based on the assumptions that flow is one-dimensional, growth of cake is unrestricted, only soHd and Hquid phases are present, the feed is sufficiently dilute such that the soHds are freely suspended, the filtrate is free of soHds, pressure losses in feed and filtrate piping are negligible, and flow is laminar. Laminar flow is a vaHd assumption in most cake formation operations of practical interest. 

No internal piping and no conventional filter valve are needed with single-cell dmm filters where the entire dmm also operates under vacuum. The cake discharge is effected by air blowback from an internal stationary shoe mounted inside the dmm at the point of discharge. There are very close tolerances between the inside surface of the dmm and the shoe in order to minimize the leakage. The inside of the dmm acts as a receiver for the separation of air and filtrate conventional multicompartment dmm filters require a separate external receiver. This type of filter permits operation of the filter with thin cakes so that high dmm speeds, up to 26 rpm, can be used and high capacities can be achieved. Sizes up to 14 m are available. 

Distillation. This is the point at which refining begins and was the first method by which petroleum was refined. Originally, distillation (qv) involved a batch operation in which the stiU was a cast-iron vessel mounted on brickwork over a fire and the volatile materials were passed through a pipe or gooseneck which led from the top of the stiU to a condenser. The latter was a coil of pipe, or a "worm" (hence the expression worm end products), immersed in a tank of miming water. 

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

The operation of system valves (also starting and shutdown of pumps) has a significant effect on the transient fluid pressures in the piping system because of the acceleration and deceleration of the fluid as it changes its velocity. As a simple example, the maximum head rise caused by the instantaneous closing of a valve is given by... 

The first commercial shipment of diatomite ia the United States was made ia 1893 and consisted of material from a small quarry operation ia the vast deposit near Lompoc, California. It went to San Francisco to be used for pipe iasulation. Small-scale operation of parts of the Lompoc deposit continued until it was acquired by the Kieselguhr Co. of America, which later became the CeHte Co. (4). Siace that first work, the iadustry has grown immensely, and diatomite products are used ia almost every country. 

The thickness of pipe bends shah be determined as for straight pipe, provided the bending operation does not result in a difference between maximum and minimum diameters greater than 8 and 3 percent of the nominal outside diameter of the pipe for internal and external pressure respectively. 

The force required to overcome the static friction of the pipe in expanding or contracting on its supports, from installed to operating position. The length of pipe considered should be that located between the anchor and the expansion joint. 

Pressure Testing Prior to initial operation, installed piping shall be pressure-tested to assure tightness except as permitted for Category D fluid service described later. The pressure test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to determine the presence of any leaks but not less than 10 min. 

Operation of this cooling water system was intermittent, resulting in long periods (30 days) of no-flow conditions. After IVi years, leaks were found at welded pipe junctions. Radiographic examinations revealed numerous additional deep corrosion sites at welds that had not yet begun to leak. 

Provide operator training and administrative controls (No standing on pipes/fitting, holding of piping/tubing etc.)... 

Tolling presents a special consideration that can make the training step easier. Typically a toller s technical staff, operators and mechanics are knowledgeable in the basic operations and tasks related to the toller s specialty. For example, experienced operators may know operations of the reactors, columns, exchangers, and packaging equipment quite well. The mechanical personnel may be very familiar with the required safe work practices, equipment cleaning procedures and maintenance tasks for standard vessels and piping. 

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