Cause of rise

Fenofibrate was the probable cause of rises in serum creatinine concentrations in six patients in one clinic (32). The authors therefore recommended routine serum creatinine monitoring at baseline and at 1 month after starting fenofibrate. 

The primary cause of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels— natural gas, petroleum, and coal— provide approximately 90% of our society s energy. Combustion of fossil fuels, however, produces CO2. As an example, consider the combustion of octane (CgHjg), a component of gasoline. 

In addition to the distortions caused by the probes, there were also distortions caused by filtering the signals within the eddy-current test instruments. To achieve the highest possible dynamics with the test instruments, high-pass filters with a high rate of rise, but also a long reverberation time were used. Thus, the recorded C-scan pictures sometimes shows strong echo effects. 

The enthalpy hberated on the VDP of parylene is real and in an adiabatic situation causes a rise in temperature of the coated substrate. For Parylene C, 229.1 kj/mol (54.7 cal/mol) corresponds to 1654 J/g (395 cal/g) whereas its specific heat at 25°C is only 1.00 J/(g-K) [0.239 cal/(g-K)] (33). In most practical situations, however, the mass of parylene deposited is dwarfed by the substrate mass, and the heat of polymeriza tion is dissipated within the coated substrate over the time required to deposit the coating with minimal actual temperature rise. 

Gravitational force favors the separation of gas from liquid in a disperse system, causing the bubbles to rise to the hquid surface and the liquid contained in the bubble walls to drain downward to the main body of the liquid. Interfacial tension favors the coalescence and ultimate disappearance of bubbles indeed, it is the cause of bubble destruction upon the rupture of the laminae. 

Thus a switching ON phenomenon may give rise to steep-fronted waves, with a front time as low as 0.2 /is and high to very high TRVs (V,) with an amplitude up to 3.0-5 p.u. Both are the causes of damage to the windings insulation of i motor. 

Through radiation also, the arc plasma di.ssipates a part of its heat which supplements the quenching. But this is too meagre a contribution, as heat dissipation occurs only through the outer surface of the arc plasma. Nevertheless, it is the major cause of gas impediment giving rise to the phenomenon of clogging, discussed later, and which helps in arc extinction. 

Tliis is the prime cause of noise and distortion in an audio system. The capacitive coupling (conduction) between the power and the communication lines gives rise to such an effect. It is associated more with the voltage of the system and particularly when it is capacitor compensated. Even without the power capacitors, the leakage (coupling) capacitances between the HV or EHV power lines, particularly 132 kV and above, and the overhead communication lines play an important role and give rise to this phenomenon. Systems lower than 132 kV do not cause such a situation as a result of the insignificant capacitive effect. 

Elevation of the boiling point by dissolved solids. Organic substances dissolved in organic solvents cause a rise in boiling point which is proportional to the concentration of the substance, and the extent of rise in temperature is characteristic of the solvent. The following equation applies for dilute solutions and non-associating substances ... 

There are basically two different causes of turbulent eddies. Eddies set in motion by air moving past objects are the result of mechanical turbulence. Parcels of superheated air rising from the heated earth s surface, and the slower descent of a larger portion of the atmosphere surrounding these more rapidly rising parcels, result in thermal turbulence. The size and, hence, the scale of the eddies caused by thermal turbulence are larger than those of the eddies caused by mechanical turbulence. 

The released energy might result from the wanted reaction or from the reaction mass if the materials involved are thermodynamically unstable. The accumulation of the starting materials or intermediate products is an initial stage of a runaway reaction. Figure 12-6 illustrates the common causes of reactant accumulation. The energy release with the reactant accumulation can cause the batch temperature to rise to a critical level thereby triggering the secondary (unwanted) reactions. Thermal runaway starts slowly and then accelerates until finally it may lead to an explosion. 

According to Georgadze the three sophora alkaloids sophocarpine (a), sophocarpidine (h) and sophoridine (c) only differ in degree and not in character of their pharmacological activity thus on intravenous injection each causes a rise and then a fall i i blood pressure and their activity in this direction is in decreasing order (a), (c), (b). In small doses they stimulate, and in larger doses depress, the isolated heart of either cold- or warm-blooded animals and then their decreasing order of activity is (c), (b), (a). 

In accidental releases, pressure within a vessel at time of failure is not always known. However, depending on the cause of vessel failure, an estimate of its pressure can be made. If failure is initiated by a rise in initial pressure in combination with a malfunctioning or inadequately designed pressure-relief device, the pressure at rupture will equal the vessel s failure pressure, which is usually the maximum allowable working pressure times a safety factor. For initial calculations, a usual safety factor of four can be applied for vessels made of carbon steel, although higher values are possible. (The higher the failure pressure, the more severe the effects.)... 

Measures to reduce human error are often implemented at an existing plant, rather than during the design process. The decision to conduct an evaluation of the factors that can affect error potential at an existing plant may be taken for several reasons. If human errors are giving rise to unacceptable safety, quality or production problems, plant management, with the assistance of the workforce, may wish to carry out a general evaluahon or audit of the plant in order to identify the direct causes of these problems. 

Insights into the human causes of accidents for a specific category of process plant installations are provided by the Oil Insurance Association report on boiler safety (Oil Insurance Association, 1971). This report provides a large number of case studies of human errors that have given rise to boiler explosions. 

The traditional safety engineering approach to accident causation focuses on the individual rather than the system causes of error. Errors are primarily seen as being due to causes such as lack of motivation to behave safely, lack of discipline or lack of knowledge of what constitutes safe behavior. These are assumed to give rise to "unsafe acts." These unsafe acts, in combination with "unsafe situations" (e.g., imguarded plant, toxic substances) are seen as the major causes of accidents. 

The third category of methods addressed in this chapter are error analysis and reduction methodologies. Error analysis techniques can either be applied in a proactive or retrospective mode. In the proactive mode they are used to predict possible errors when tasks are being analyzed during chemical process quantitative risk assessment and design evaluations. When applied retrospectively, they are used to identify the underlying causes of errors giving rise to accidents. Very often the distinction between task analysis and error analysis is blurred, since the process of error analysis always has to proceed from a comprehensive description of a task, usually derived from a task analysis. 

Pew et al. (1981), developed a series of "Murphy diagrams" (named after the well-known Murphy s Law If something can go wrong, it will). Each decision element in the Rasmussen model has an associated Murphy diagram, which specifies possible direct "proximal") causes of the internal malfunction. Each of these causes are then considered in terms of indirect "distal") causes which could mfluence or give rise to the primary cause. A Murphy diagram for the... 

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