Operational measures

The grounding resistance of the three anodes with the stated dimensions of the coke backfill, a soil resistivity of 75 D m and an interference factor, F = 1.2, was calculated from Eq. (24-35) as about 14 Q. After the anode installation was in operation, measurements of the grounding resistance gave a value of about 12 Q. 

To achieve the goal set above, measurements for reaction rates must be made in a RR at the flow conditions, i.e., Reynolds number of the large unit and at several well-defined partial pressures and temperatures around the expected operation. Measurements at even higher flow rates than customary in a commercial reactor are also possible and should be made to check for flow effect. Each measurement is to be made at point... 

RosaZeiser, A., Weilandt, E., Hild, S. and Marti, O., The simultaneous measurement of elastic, electrostatic and adhesive properties by scanning force microscopy pulsed-force mode operation. Measur. Sci. Techno ., 8(11), 1333-1338 (1997). 

Effects of nuclear heating. Both out-of-pile loop experiments and in-pile reactor operating measurements are available. The rod bundle data obtained in an operating reactor (Farmer and Gilby, 1971) agree with those obtained in an out-of-pile loop, as shown in Figure 5.63. 

The pH of solutions is generally measured with a pH meter, an instrument that in a single, simple operation measures and yields the pH value of any water solution, thus making unnecessary any further measurements or calculations. There are many technically different pH meters, some large, used mainly in laboratories, others portable, easily taken out for field measurements. The pH can, however, also be measured using substances known as indicators, which exhibit different colors, shades, or hues at different pH values. Litmus, for example, is an indicator that exhibits shades of red in acid solutions, that is, in solutions having pH values between 7 and 1, and shades of blue when in alkaline solutions with pH values between 7 and 14. 

Structural or Operational Measures Applied in Sewer Process... 

Table 8.1 gives an overview of structural and operational measures that affect the type and course of the in-sewer dry-weather processes. The table exemplifies how process design and operation of sewer networks can be implemented. In other words, it is an overview of methods for wastewater design. ... 

The impact of the different structural or operational measures on the sewer processes and wastewater quality characteristics can be assessed by model simulation. Examples 8.1 and 8.2 illustrate how structural measures, primarily related to A4 in Table 8.1, affect the in-sewer processes. 

Yin (Yin, 1994) discusses four criteria forjudging the quality of the research design. After the external validity as already discussed, Yin defines the construct validity, the reliability, and the internal validity. The construct validity is the validity of the operational measures used for the research concepts. In this study construct validity will be addressed by the use of multiple sources for data collection. Case histories,... 

The construct validity to establish the correct operational measures for the concepts studied (Yin, 1994), is established by using multiple sources of evidence, which are mutually compared to verify the correctness of the data. Moreover, all data are reviewed by key informants, by means of interviews. 

High concentrations of particulate matter cause water to appear cloudy due to the absorption and scattering of light. The cloudiness of water is operationally measured as the amount of light transmitted through water. This quantity is termed turbidity and is reported in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). 

Reproducibility means conditions of measurement that includes different locations, operators, measuring systems, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects. 

The first two measures are also called operational measures, while the second two don t admit a direct operational interpretation in terms of entanglement manipulations. Suppose is a measure defined on mixed states that satisfy the conditions for a good measure mentioned above. Then we can prove that for all states p e H ), Eo p) < E p) < Ec p), and both Eo p) and Ec p) coincide on pure states with the von Neumann reduced entropy as demonstrated earlier. 

For example, a projection operator into center-of-mass translation restricts to the molecular center-of-mass coordinates x, y, and z, and a projection operator into rotation restricts it to molecular rotational coordinates. In the case of SD it is usefril to construct projection operators measuring the influence of solvent molecules according to their location relative to the solute by restrictingyto, e.g., the closest molecule, all the molecules within the first solvation shell, etc.. Once we have chosen a particular projection operator,, we can find the projected portion of the influence coefficient... 

The value of / for p-nitroaniline is measurable with adequate precision in sulfuric acid-water systems up to 24% [w/w] of acid. Within this range, Hammett defined the operational measure Hq of acidity of the solution by Eq. (29). 

Balances and measuring equipment of an appropriate range and precision should be available for production and control operations. Measuring, weighing, recording, and control equipment should be calibrated and checked at predetermined intervals by appropriate methods. Adequate records of such tests should be maintained [10]. 

Note that a useful operational measure of hydrophobicity is the octanol/water log P parameter (Hansch and Leo, 1979). This is a free energy-related parameter and is frequently thought of as synonymous with hydrophobicity, but it undoubtedly incorporates both AGh and AGy w components so is not pure hydrophobicity in the sense above. Lipophilicity is a more appropriate name. Contrary to common belief, log P is mostly enthalpic (Taylor, 1990 Da et al., 1992). 

This solubility reflects the conditions that were used. Most solubility measurements (e.g., Regenstein and Regenstein, 1984 Morr et al., 1985) are designed for powders and reflect additional experimental controls. This is a more operational measurement of solubility. 

Engineering and operating measures used to control exposure... 

Partially automatic response involving an inhibitory process in which the normal startle reflex is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded 30-50 msec earlier by a weak prepulse. This provides an operational measure of sensory motor gating. 

Ritchie, J.R.B., Crouch, G.I. and Hudson, S. (2000) Developing operational measures for the components of a destination competitiveness/sustainability model Consumer versus managerial perspectives. In J.A. Mazanec, G.I. Crouch, J.R.B. Ritchie and A.G. Woodside (eds) Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure (pp. 1-17). Wallingford CABI. 

Where contaminants may cause a reaction, careful design is required to minimize the risk of contamination. Corrosion products are a common contaminant selecting appropriate materials of construction is important in these cases. Where the contaminant is present in other parts of the process, routine analysis of feedstreams is important. If water can cause a reaction both design and operational measures may be required. Water may enter the process by many routes (utility connections, faulty tank roof drains, inadequately dried equipment, etc.) all of these must be either designed out or be very well managed via operating and maintenance procedures. 

Process control structures include three major operations—measurement of a process variable, calculation of the required adjustment, and manipulation of the process to implement the correction. The measurement step may be the most routine, since almost all bioseparation systems, regardless of scale, function, or constraints are usually equipped with instruments for monitoring the process. Monitoring instrumentation is generally well understood and is documented in discussions of particular bioseparation processes and implementations. 

Incident radiation at the wall Operation Measured by actinometry (potassium ferrioxalate) 100% (without filters) 7.55 X 10 Einstein cm s (at each window) Calculated with a superficial emission model... 

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