Interference factor

So in order to improve selective characteristics of eddy current testing one should minimize phase change under interference factors influence. Analysis of the above characteristics has indicated that in case of interacting under-surface defects, there is an optimal frequency providing the best sensitivity to defect in amplitude. 

For molecules having dimensions comparable with the wavelength, phase differences will occur between waves scattered from different regions of the molecule. These phase differences result in an angular dependence of the scattered intensity. The reduction may be expressed in temis of a particle interference factor P(2Q) such that... 

The current requirement of the protected object basically determines the design of the anode bed. For example, for a pipeline requiring 10 A with horizontal anodes laid in soil with p = 45 H m, according to Fig. 9-14, eight anodes are necessary. The grounding resistance of one anode amounts to Rq = 14 H. From Fig. 9-8, the grounding resistance of the anode bed with an interference factor F= 1.34 for 8 anodes spaced at 5 m comes to R = 2.34 Q.. 

The grounding resistance of the three anodes with the stated dimensions of the coke backfill, a soil resistivity of 75 D m and an interference factor, F = 1.2, was calculated from Eq. (24-35) as about 14 Q. After the anode installation was in operation, measurements of the grounding resistance gave a value of about 12 Q. 

The interference factor therefore depends on the spacing and the quotient R/p, which is determined by the anode dimensions according to Table 24-1. Figure 9-8 contains examples of various practical cases. 

The sum over Cl coefficients is an interference factor resulting from the fact that the full Cl pair energies converge faster than the second-order pair energies. 

The higher-order contributions to the correlation energy [such as CCSD(T)-MP2] are more than an order of magnitude smaller than their second-order counterparts. However, the basis set convergence to the CCSD(T)-R12 limit does not follow the simple linear behavior found for the second-order correlation energy. This is a consequence of the interference effect described in Eq. (2.2). The full Cl or CCSD(T) basis set truncation error is attenuated by the interference factor (Fig. 4.9). The CBS correction to the higher-order components of the correlation energy is thus the difference between the left-hand sides of Eqs. (2.2) and... 

CBS-INT = difference between the total CBS correction to the MP4 or QCISD(T) energy and the total CBS correction to the second-order correlation energy Olii = ISIii2Iii, where Iu = (EC[J)2 is the intraorbital interference factor and iSljj2 = fl iPjl[Pg.176]

Sonntag, O. Haemolysis as an interference factor in clinical chemistry. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1986 24 127-139... 

The first step in perfonning gravimetric analysis is to prepare the solution. Some form of preliminary separation may be necessary to eliminate interfering materials. Also, we must adjust the solution conditions to maintain low solubility of the precipitate and to obtain it in a form suitable for filtration. Proper adjustment of the solution conditions prior to precipitation may also mask potential interferences. Factors that must be considered include the volume of the solution during precipitation, the concentration range of the test substance, the presence and concentrations of other constituents, the temperature, and the pH. 

Because of the high temperatures in the furnace the gas phase produced also contains components (metals, halogens etc.), which condense in the boiler system on cooling and can lead to the formation of deposits on the heat exchanger pipes. The solid particles (fly ash) carried in the waste gas can also form part of these deposits, which is an interference factor for the operation of the power station and must be removed during shut-down periods. 

Table 1 Fluxes of metals to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. The interference factor is the ratio of the anthropogenic flux to the natural flux. The generic term combustion refers to various combinations of coal, oil, and wood combustion and refuse incineration...

Metal Crustal abundance nmol g- ) Atmospheric emission rate (t y Natural Anthropogenic V Interference factor Major uses of metals and their compounds... 

If fhe fwo-level system is placed at a distance from the point P which is much larger than X = 2n)clct>, the interference factor sin (...) is averaged to 1/2 and the standard free-space result of Eq. (12) is recovered. 

Figure 4.7. Angular variation of the interference factor P 6) in different molecular sizes.

---