Research concepts

Lin SS, Kelsey JL. Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic Research Concepts, Methodological Issues, and Suggestions for Research. Epidemiol Rev 2001 22 187-202. 

Yin (Yin, 1994) discusses four criteria forjudging the quality of the research design. After the external validity as already discussed, Yin defines the construct validity, the reliability, and the internal validity. The construct validity is the validity of the operational measures used for the research concepts. In this study construct validity will be addressed by the use of multiple sources for data collection. Case histories,... 

Solvent-modified thermosets display enhanced toughness due to the incorporation of a second phase material. A brittle-tough transition has been observed which cannot be attributed to changes in the interparticle distance. The chemically induced phase separation technique offers new routes and strategies to prepare such materials and enter new areas of applications. Hence, engineered porosity is demonstrated as a research concept developed into a toolbox for material scientists. 

The German research concept COORETEC (CO2 Reduction Technologies) investigates options for the generation of electricity from fossil fuels with CO2 capture and storage which opens access to CO2 free production of hydrogen. 

Elsa Reichmanis I don t believe so. Historically, the timescale has always been 10 to 15 years from research concept to product implementation. I don t think the 10-year SEMATECH road map is defining this cycle. 

Photoscience covers a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary and interrelated subjects and it may be subdivided into photomedicine, photobiology, photochemistry and photophysics (Fig. 3-1). Photochemistry, in general, studies the reactions that occur through electronically excited states of molecules. Specifically, photochemistry studies the change of substance quality and characteristics by the influence of UV/VIS radiation. The mechanistic interpretation of the formation of photoproducts and their characterization and identification are typical domains of photochemistry. This research concept is strictly based on photophysics, which investigates the primary event of photon absorption by a molecule, the properties of electronically excited states and their deactivation mechanisms, such as for example fluorescence, phosphorescence and energy or electron transfer reactions, and non-... 

The ESF/COST (Action D25), the Czech Science Foundation (project203/05/2267), the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepubUc (project lAA 500200708) and the institutional research concept AV0Z50200510 (Institute of Microbiology) supported this work. 

The review was written within the frames of the Institutional Research Concept AV0Z50200510. 

The coupling of the principles of controlled release from a zero-order rate device and long-term physiological pharmacokinetic modeling Is a unique research concept and will be used In Investigational systems where such drug delivery characteristics help elucidate physiological rate mechanisms. 

The research concept for active ingredients in pharmacy will be applied to performance chemicals, new materials and catalysts. 

This is a very important addition in that not only can the laboratory process characterization data be gathered more quickly by high throughput research concepts but, if done in the manner described by VandenBussche, the data can eliminate the need for extensive intermediate plant scale testing. VandenBussche is quick to point out that at this stage of comfort with the approach they still conhrm their results at intermediate scale but the time needed to do this is greatly reduced. 

This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant no. 204/01/1004) and by the Institutional Research Concept no. AV 0Z 5020 903. The authors wish to express their thanks to Mrs G. 

The symposium and this publication divide naturally into three parts critical assessments of broad subjects applied and fundamental research reports and analytical developments. Many of these papers are contributed by investigators from chemical disciplines other than those normally identified with water chemistry. This is as it should be for maximum information exchange and research concept stimulation. The... 

Overall, the process of moving from a research concept through development to a marketed drug and then further refining the drug s value throughout what marketing would call the product s life... 

The potential opportunities for making bonded connections in civil engineering structures outlined in this chapter are by no means exhaustive. They represent examples which vary substantially in developmental progress from possibilities to well researched concepts. 

With an increasing awareness and concerns about our dependency on fossil resources and the depletion of crude oil reserves, this book aims to give an overview to the bio-based economy. Experts from academia and industries worldwide have presented their views on industrial biotechnology, green chemistry and sustainable policy related to the use of renewable raw materials for non-food applications and energy supply. Innovative key research concepts such as waste valorization and its society aspects related to renewable resources need to be transferred to the public, academic and industrial sectors in order to redouble efforts towards a more sustainable society and a bio-based economy. 

With the first three chiral auxiliaries, 8a-c, low to medium e.e.s of 7 were obtained, far from values needed to make the process operate on a large scale. Somewhat higher enantioselectivities were obtained when the reaction was performed at —40°C with an N-para-methoxybenzoyl (PMB)-protected substrate 9 (Scheme 13.3). Even more important for the research concept than just enhancement of e.e.s were the observations made in these experiments. First, 2 mol of the acetylide and 2 mol of the chiral auxiliary were needed for complete ketone alkynylation. Second, pyrolidino-ephedrine 8d proved to be the best auxiliary amino-alcohol. With this auxiliary, an e.e. of over 98% was achieved, with complete conversion of the ketone, but only when the acetylide-alkoxide solution was first warmed to 0°C then cooled down to —40°C before addition of the ketone 9 (Scheme 13.3). 

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