One-shot device

Solid-propellant rockets of all types have the disadvantage that they are "one-shot" devices and can not be turned on and off at will like those with Ilq uld propellants, but this lack is compensated for by the fact that they can be stored Indefinitely, ready for Instant use. Moreover, they bypass the failure- nx>ne valves and other sophisticated mechanics that have plagued space technicians in ths building of missiles and space vehicles. (In the unlikely event that the reader does not know It, rockets are even mouter space than at sea level, since they do not depend on the pressure exerted fay the exhaust gases on the atmosphere nor on atmospheric oxygen for cembustion.)... 

The question of whether natural chemoreception can provide biosensors, or whether the construction of biosensors can be deduced from the lessons taught by natural processes, is conditional in both circumstances. In many cases the immediate use or a direct transfer of chemoreceptive tissues, cells, or molecular receptors for sensor construction is very limited in terms of longevity and reproducibility, and often would only be possible for the preparation of one-shot devices. 

Zahn viscosity cup n. A one-shot device for obtaining quick measurements in a roughly linear way of the kinematic viscosity of the test liquid, typically a free-flowing fluid. The cup fill of test liquid is brought to the desired temperature in a bath of heating medium, then held over a collection... 

Following launch the first set of mechanisms operated are those involved in the deployment of antennae, booms, solar arrays etc. Deployment normally occurs very soon afim launch to ensure that communication and power are established as rapidly as possible. These are invariably one-shot devices, which may have been tested in excess of 50 times before launch. Key features are the separation of latches, launch locks and clamped interfaces without adhesion. Mechanisms range from simple springs to pin-pullers, memory alloy elements, cable cutters, thermal knives, powered hinges, DC motor gearheads, dampers of various types etc. 

There are many kinds of loss-lubrication systems. Most types of linear bearings are necessarily lubricated by this means. An increasingly popular method of lubrication is by automatic or manually operated one-shot lubricators. With these devices, a metered quantity of oil or grease is delivered to any number of points from a single reservoir. The operation may be carried out manually, using a hand-pump, or automatically, by means of an electric or hydraulic pump. Mechanical pumps are usually controlled by an electric timer, feeding lubricant at preset intervals, or are linked to a constantly moving part of the machine. 

In this chapter, we will deal with the most powerful device used in refrigeration. The dilution refrigerator (DR), which uses for refrigeration a mixture of 4He and 3He, not only is capable of reaching temperatures of a few millikelvin, but can maintain such very low temperature for months (theoretically for ever), whereas all the other refrigerators are one shot . Hereafter we will describe four types of DR. 

Just how these modes of action are achieved in relatively inexpensive pneumatic or electrical devices is explained in books on control instruments, for example, that of Considine (Process Instruments and Controls Handbook, Sec. 17,1974). The low prices and considerable flexibility of PID controllers make them the dominant types in use, and have discouraged the development of possibly superior types, particularly as one-shot deals which would be the usual case in process plants. Any desired mode of action can be simulated by a computer, but at a price. 

It should be noted that the Rocket-Shaped Charged-Launcher combination comes as a complete assembly and needs no field assembly or disassembly. This item is intended for one use only — a one shot cratering device. It must be emphasized that the Explosive Foxhole Digger, if properly used, can be a valuable tool, but if not properly used, can be a hazardous expl item. All possible safety has been designed into the item, but nothing... 

However, all these sensors suffer from the very slow kinetics of the dissociation of the complexes. Thus renewal of the transducer surface for repeated measurements with the same device is very difficult. Dissociation of the complexes can be attained by applying highly concentrated urea solutions to the sensor, but even then not more than a few measurements are possible with the same device, as has been shown with a sensor for Salmonella typhimurium [236]. As a consequence, the application of immunological reactions for these and other transducer surfaces is in general limited to one-shot measurements. On the other hand, as antibodies can be obtained against nearly any substance, affinity sensors, mainly those based on piezoelectric crystals, offer so many possibilities that their further development is a promising challenge. 

First fires without metallic fuel are nowadays mainly found in fireworks items. The most important one of this class is black powder. It is fairly safe to handle, often serves as a combined ejection and ignition material, and is itself easily ignited over a wide range of temperatures and at diminished atmospheric pressure down to about 0.1 atm. Its property of fouling metal parts because of the corrosiveness of its reaction products need rarely be considered since pyrotechnic devices are one-shot items and if ejected from reusable dispensers their own expendable case is the actual gun barrel. Black powdo has been discussed in some detail in Chapter 20. 

The design in this case-study prototype device remains an issue for the reversible motion of the liquid. This case-study prototype device could be effectively used for the one shot of liquid in both single-output and multi-output modes on demand. For continuous random switch function, another problem appears if we turn on microchannel X first and desire to next turn on only microchannel Y where X>T. In this continuous switch function, the microchaimel X -f 1) will be also turned on in this case-study prototype device. Anyway, above issues could be resolved via the two-way bubble actuator design [18, 19], which could make the fluid flow backward in the unwanted microchannel. In addition, this microfluidic switch has the potential to be integrated into a wider fluidic network system with stop valves or microflow discretizers which could be used for separation of liquid segments from a continuous source. 

This bubble-actuated microfluidic switch could be effectively used for the one shot of liquid in both single-output and multi-output modes on demand. The reversible motion of the liquid is one further research direction. The long-term goal of this research work could be to develop integrated bioanalytical devices with the functions for specific flow guiding, specific flow injection, and precise liquid volume control. 

Nonreversible chemical reactions may be employed in the photometric transduction systems, which can result in one shot type sensor devices. Though there will only be a limited merit in utilizing... 

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