Principal design

High-pressure homogenizers were developed approximately 100 years ago [1] during the industrialization. The basic idea of combining a high-pressure pump and a disruption system, like a valve, was presented on the universal exposition in Paris and endures to date. However, we see ongoing developments of the pumps and valves motivated either by daily application problems or new product challenges. 

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If a heat exchanger is sized usiag the mean values of the design parameters, then the probabiUty, or the confidence level, of the exchanger to meet its design thermal duty is only 50%. Therefore, in order to increase the confidence level of the design, a proper uncertainty analysis must be performed for all principal design parameters. 

Open Tanks These may be used to store materials that will not be harmed by water, weather, or atmospheric pollution. Otherwise, a roof, either fixed or floating, is required. Fixed roofs are usually either domed or coned. Large tanks have coned roofs with intermediate supports. Since negligible pressure is involved, snow and wind are the principal design loads. Local building codes often give required values. 

When sludge is fed to a filter by a positive-displacement pump, the rate of filtration is nearly constant (i.e., dV/dr = constant). During constant-rate filtration, the pressure increases with an increase in cake thickness. Therefore, the principal variables are pressure and filtrate volume, or pressure and filtration time. Equation 9 is the principal design relation, which may be integrated for a constant-rate process. The derivative, dV/dr, may be replaced simply by V/t ... 

Three other modifications of the standard conditions provide synthetically useful strategies for the preparation of dihydrofurans. One method, called the interrupted Feist-Benary reaction, utilizes milder reaction conditions to stop the final dehydration step. For example, Calter combined bromide 47 with dicarbonyl 48 to produce dihydrofuran 49 as a mixture of diastereomers. He examined the scope and diastereoselectivity of this process and applied this reaction toward the synthesis of the polycyclic core of the zaragozic acids. A method principally designed to yield practical syntheses of cyclic ketodiesters also furnished a dihydrofuran via a variation of the interrupted Feist-Benary reaction. ... 

The large feeding conveyors are principally designed as follows ... 

Principal design parameters of electro-catalysts for PEMFCs... 

The principal design standards for above ground atmospheric tanks in common use are ... 

Figure 7.10 illustrates a the dimensions of proposed reactor, which directs reactive gases over a ring of wafers. A cooling assembly can maintain the surface temperature of the deposit zone at 7 = 400°C, while the remainder of the lower wall and the upper walls are maintained at a higher temperature of Tw = 800°C. A principal design consideration... 

Principal Designs of Mass Spectrometer, and the Physical Principles... 

Principal design configurations of drum-type dryers ate illustrated and described in Figs. I. 2. 3, and 4 conveyor-type dryers in Figs. 5. 6, and 7. 

The principal design feature that permits economical application of the wet/dry tower is the summer damper component. This is a door-like air flow restrictor that is located in the heated dry air stream between the air-cooled heat exchanger and the fan. Its purpose is to reduce the air flow through the dry stream, while boosting the air flow in the wet stream, thereby enhancing the wet section thermal performance during summer operation. 

The principal design of a sampling plan for the assessment of polluted environmental compartments is given in Fig. 4-9. In principle, the steps of the sampling strategy are transferable to all problems in space-time reality. 

Fig. 9. Principal design of the electrostatically actuated membrane pump [from ref. 27]...

Overall summary of engineering, broken down by principal design activities. 

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