On carbon-based electrode

Louh, R. R, Huang, H., and Tsai, F. Novel deposition of Pt/C nanocatalysts and Nation solution on carbon-based electrodes via electrophoretic process for PEM fuel cells. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2007 4 72-78. 

RDE/RRDE Study for DRR on Carbon-Based Electrode Surfaces 240... 

It is worthwhile to note that the ORR activity on carbon-based electrode surface is strongly dependent on the pretreatment such as polishing, dipping a carbon electrode into chromic acid, exposing to radio frequency plasma in oxygen atmosphere, and... 

This system typically uses sulfuric acid as the electrolyte with a proton exchange membrane. While a porous separator could be used, for high efficiency operation, ion-selective membranes are generally preferred as vanadium crossover leads to losses in coulombic efficiency. At present, Nafion is the membrane of choice as V(V) is a powerful oxidizing agent, which can attack cheaper hydrocarbon-based ion selective membranes [21]. The redox reactions of different vanadium species have displayed reversibility and high activity on carbon based electrodes. Moreover, Li et al. discovered the catalytic effects of bismuth nanoparticles on V(II)/V(III) [51] and of niobium oxide nanorods on both V(II)Af(lII) and V(IV)Af(V) [52], which have been shown to further enhance the energy efficiency of the VRB by more than 10 %. 

Motoc S, Manea F, Pop A (2012) Electrochemical degradation of pharmaceutical effluents on carbon-based electrodes. Environ Eng Manag J 11 627-634... 

The overpotentials for oxygen reduction and evolution on carbon-based bifunctional air electrodes for rechargeable Zn/air batteries are reduced by utilizing metal oxide electrocatalysts. Besides enhancing the electrochemical kinetics of the oxygen reactions, the electrocatalysts serve to reduce the overpotential to minimize... 

For example, the final heat treatment temperatures In the manufacture will produce different electrochemical properties, even with the same surface treatments (2-4) since the structure and electrical property of glassy carbon depends on the temperature, as Indicated by the single crystal TEM patterns and by measurement of temperature dependent conductivity (5-6). On the other hand. It Is also well established that the electrochemical properties of carbon-based electrodes are markedly affected by surface treatments. 

Q.L. Wang, G.X. Lu, and B.J. Yang, Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of haemoglobin immobilized on carbon paste electrode by a silica sol-gel film. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 99, 50-57 (2004). 

The elemental composition, oxidation state, and coordination environment of species on surfaces can be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) techniques. Both techniques have a penetration depth of 5-20 atomic layers. Especially XPS is commonly used in characterization of electrocatalysts. One common example is the identification and quantification of surface functional groups such as nitrogen species found on carbon-based catalysts.26-29 Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Ion Scattering Spectroscopy are alternatives which are more surface sensitive. They can provide information about the surface composition as well as the chemical bonding information from molecular clusters and have been used in characterization of cathode electrodes.30,31 They can also be used for depth profiling purposes. The quantification of the information, however, is rather difficult.32... 

Niu CM, Sichel EK, Hoch R, Moy D, Tennent H (1997) High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 70 1480-1482. 

A well-distributed deposition of Pt/C nanocatalyst and Nafion ionomer on bofh hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon-based electrodes has been successfully obfained using a Pt/C concentration of 1.0 g/L, an electrical field of 300 V/cm, and a deposition time of 5 minutes [118]. The deposition of Pt/C nanocatalysts and Nafion solution via the electrophoretic process gives rise to higher deposition efficiency and a uniform distribution of catalyst and Nafion ionomer on the PEMFC electrodes. 

Electrochemical detectors for liquid chromatography have reached a level of maturity in that thousands of these devices are used routinely for a variety of mundane purposes. Nevertheless, the technology is advancing rapidly in several respects. Multiple electrode and voltammetric detectors have been developed for more specialized applications. Small-volume transducers based on carbon fiber electrodes are being explored for capillary and micropacked columns. Recently, electrochemical detection has also been coupled to capillary electrophoresis [47]. Finally, new electrode materials with unique properties are likely to afford improved sensitivity and selectivity for important applications. 

The amperometric biosensor based on carbon paste electrode ensures proximity at the molecular level between the catalytic and electrochemical sites because the carbon electrode is both the biocatalytic phase and the electrode sensor (Table 17.2). The tissue containing carbon paste can be incorporated in various electrode configurations and these have very rapid response times, extended lifetimes, high rigidity, mechanical stability and very low cost. 

Some indolylthiohydantoin derivatives that have aldose reductase inhibitory activity [75] were investigated electroanalytically by voltammetric determination. Based on this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive and validated voltammetric method was developed for the determination of the compounds that are readily oxidized at carbon-based electrodes. Oxidation of the indolic compounds occurs on the nitrogen atom in the indole ring of the molecule [162]. 

There are very few studies based on this approach, but it was demonstrated that using nanostructured carbon-based electrodes, it is possible to electrocatalytically reduce C02 in the gas phase using the protons flowing through a membrane [38], Long-chain hydrocarbons and alcohols up to C9 CIO are formed, with preferential formation of isopropanol using carbon-nanotube-based electrodes [14, 39]. Productivities are still limited, but these results demonstrate the concept of a new approach to recycle C02 back to fuels. 

Cui, X. L., Liu, G. D., Li, L. Y., Yantasee, W. and Lin, Y. H. (2005), Electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste electrode modified with nanostructured cryptomelane-type manganese oxides for detection of heavy metals. Sensor Lett., 3(1) 16-21. 

An approach focused on fabrication of nanostructured three-dimensional electrodes and introduction of surface modifications for tethering/retention in an optimal orientation of the MCOs to permit DET to the Tl site from the electrode shows great promise for the production of biocathode prototypes for application to EFCs. A systematic study of such electrodes modified with each of the MCOs available, reporting on their activity for ORR, using DET, under defined conditions of pH, mass transport, and temperature is not yet available, and would be a valuable contribution to advance the technological application of EFCs. A welcome recent focus is normalization of ORR, based on DET to Trametes versico/or adsorbed on porous carbon-based electrode materials, to electrode volume and to electrode... 

Ruiz, V., Blanco, C., Granda, M., Menendez, R., and Santamaria, R. 2008. Effect of the thermal treatment of carbon-based electrodes on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 618, 17-23. 

The direct fixation of the biocatalyst to the sensitive surface of the transducer permits the omission of the inactive semipermeable membranes. However, the advantages of the membrane technology are also lost, such as the specificity of permselective layers and the possibility of affecting the dynamic range by variation of the diffusion resistance. Furthermore, the membrane technology has proved to be useful for reloading reusable sensors with enzyme. In contrast, direct enzyme fixation is mainly suited to disposable sensors. This is especially valid for carbon-based electrodes, metal thin layer electrodes printed on ceramic supports, and mass-produced optoelectronic sensors. Field effect transistors may also be envisaged as basic elements of disposable biosensors. 

Miscoria, SA., Barrera, G. D., and Rivas, G. A. (2005) Enzymatic biosensor based on carbon paste electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles and polyphenol oxidase. Electroanalysis 17, 1578-1582... 

Saby C, Mizutani F, Yabuki S. Glucose sensor based on carbon paste electrode incorporating poly(ethylene glycolj-modified glucose oxidase and various mediators. Analytica Chimica Acta 1995 304 33-39. 

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