Carbon nanotubes electrodes

Among nanomateiials, carbon surfaces represent very attractive materials for electrochemical studies, such as biosensor applications, due to their different allotropes (graphite, diamond and fullerenes/nanotubes). Carbon electrodes are well polarizable. However, their electrical conductivity strongly depends on the thermal treatment, microtexture, hybridization and content of heteroatoms. Additionally, the amphoteric character of carbon allows use of the rich electrochemical propierties of this element from donor to acceptor state. Application of recently developed carbon materials include. 

In this work, simple (single-use) biosensors with a layer double stranded (ds) calf thymus DNA attached to the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode assembly have been prepared. The sensor efficiency was significantly improved using nanostructured films like carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite in the polyvinylalcohol matrix. 

Fang YM, Sun JJ, Wu AH, Su XL, Chen GN (2009) Catalytic electrogenerated chemiluminescence and nitrate reduction at CdS nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. Langmuir 25 555-560... 

AlexeyevaN, Laaksonen T. 2006. Oxygen reduction on gold nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrodes in acid solution. Electrochem Commun 8 1475-1480. 

Yu X, Chattopadhyay D, Galeska I, Papadimitrakopoulos E, Rusling JE. 2003. Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single-wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes. Electrochem Commun 5 408-411. 

CNTs have been one of the most actively studied electrode materials in the past few years due to their unique electronic and mechanical properties. From a chemistry point of view, CNTs are expected to exhibit inherent electrochemical properties similar to other carbon electrodes widely used in various electrochemical applications. Unlike other carbon-based nanomaterials such as C60 and C70 [31], CNTs show very different electrochemical properties. The subtle electronic properties suggest that carbon nanotubes will have the ability to mediate electron transfer reactions with electroactive species in solution when used as the electrode material. Up to now, carbon nanotube-based electrodes have been widely used in electrochemical sensing [32-35], CNT-modified electrodes show many advantages which are described in the following paragraphs. 

F. Valentini, A. Amine, S. Orlanducci, M.L. Terranova, and G. Palleschi, Carbon nanotube purification preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube paste electrodes. Anal. Chem. 75, 5413-5421 (2003). 

M. Musameh, J. Wang, A. Merkoci, and Y. Lin, Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochem. Common. 4, 743-746 (2002). 

M.D. Rubianes and G.A. Rivas, Carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Electrochem. Common. 5, 689-694 (2003). 

H. Luo, Z. Shi, N. Li, Z. Gu, and Q. Zhuang, Investigation of the electrochemical and electrocatalytic behavior of single-wall carbon nanotube film on a glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chem. 73, 915—920... 

J. Qu, Y. Shen, X. Qu, and S. Dong, Preparation of hybrid thin film modified carbon nanotubes on glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction. Chem. Commun. 1, 34—35... 

Z. Wang, J. Liu, Q. Liang, Y. Wang, and G. Luo, Carbon nanotube-modified electrodes for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid. Analyst 127, 653-658 (2002). 

K. Wu and S. Hu, Electrochemical study and selective detn. of dopamine at multi-wall carbon nanotube-Nafion film coated glassy carbon electrode. Microchim. Acta 144, 131—137 (2004). 

K. Wu, J. Fei, and S. Hu, Simultaneous determination of dopamine and serotonin on a glassy carbon electrode coated with a film of carbon nanotubes. Anal. Biochem. 318, 100-106 (2003). 

G. Zhao, K. Liu, S. Lin, J. Liang, X. Guo, and Z. Zhang, Application of a carbon nanotube modified electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry for determination of trace amounts of 6-benzylaminopurine. Microchim. Acta 143, 255—260 (2003). 

F.H. Wu, G.C. Zhao, X.W. Wei, and Z.S. Yang, Electrocatalysis of tryptophan at multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrode. Microchim. Acta 144, 243-247 (2004). 

S. Lu, Electrochemical determination of 8-azaguanine in human urine at a multi-carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Microchem. J. 77, 37-42 (2004). 

Y.H. Zhu, Z.L. Zhang, and D.W. Pang, Electrochemical oxidation of theophylline at multi-wall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 581, 303-309 (2005). 

G.C. Zhao, Z.Z. Yin, L. Zhang, and X.W. Wei, Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c on a multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrode and its electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of H2O2. Electrochem. Commun. 7, 256-260 (2005). 

G.C. Zhao, L. Zhang, X.W. Wei, Z.S. Yang, Myoglobin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Electrochem. Commun. 5, 825—829 (2003). 

M. Wang, Y. Shen, Y. Liu, T. Wang, F. Zhao, B. Liu, and S. Dong, Direct electrochemistry of microperoxidase 11 using carbon nanotube modified electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 578, 121-127 (2005). 

A. Salimi, A. Noorbakhsh, and M. Ghadermarz, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of catalase incorporated onto multiwall carbon nanotubes-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Biochem. 344,16-24 (2005). 

W.J. Guan, Y. Li, Y.Q. Chen, X.B. Zhang, and G.Q. Hu, Glucose biosensor based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes and screen printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21, 508—512 (2005). 

G. Cheng, J. Zhao, Y. Tu, P. He, and Y. Fang, A sensitive DNA electrochemical biosensor based on magnetite with a glassy carbon electrode modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in polypyrrole. Anal. Chim. Acta 533, 11-16 (2005). 

Xu JZ, Zhu JJ, Wu Q, Hu Z, Chen HY (2003) An amperometric biosensor based on the coimmobilization of horseradish peroxidase and methylene blue on a carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Electroanalysis 15 219-224. 

Carbon electrodes can be made from a number of various crystalline forms of carbon. The two most common versions are the carbon paste electrode and the glassy carbon electrode. In Chapter 11, devoted to the electrochemistry of biological functions, it will be seen that pyrolytic graphite electrodes have also found wide application. Recently, attempts to use carbon-nanotube electrodes have been also proposed.9... 

Lu, L., et al., Highly stable air working bimorph actuator based on a graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode. Advanced Materials, 2012. 24(31) p. 4317-4321. 

Shahrokhian, S. and S. Rastgar, Electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles on carbon nanotube coated glassy carbon electrode for the improved sensing oftinidazole. Electrochimica Acta, 2012. 78(0) p. 422-429. 

Yanagi, K. Moriya, R. Yomogida, Y. Takenobu, T. Naitoh, Y. Ishida, T. Kataura, H. Matsuda, K. Maniwa, Y., Electrochromic carbon electrodes Controllable visible color changes in metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater 2011, 23, 2811-2814. 

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