Electrochemical degradation

Torres RA, Torres W, Peringer P, Pulgarin C (2003) Electrochemical degradation of p-substituted phenols of industrial interest on Pt electrodes. Attempt of a structure-reactivity relationship assessment. Chemosphere 50 97-104... 

Mamian M, Torres W, Larmat EE (2009) Electrochemical degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution at a platinum electrode. Portugaliae Electrochim Act 27(3) 371-379... 

Santos V, Morao A, Pacheco Ml, Cirfaco L, Lopes A (2008) Electrochemical degradation of azo dyes on BDD effect of chemical structure and operating conditions on the combustion efficiency. J Environ Eng Manage 18(3) 193-204... 

Carvalho C, Fernandes A, Lopes A et al (2007) Electrochemical degradation applied to the metabolites of Acid Orange 7 anaerobic biotreatment. Chemosphere 67 1316—1324... 

Electrochemical destruction of organics can be an economically viable alternative to incineration, carbon beds, bioremediation, deep well disposal and other methods as destruction to very low acceptable levels is possible [227a], Electrochemical techniques are in fact superior to incineration or deep well disposal as it is a final solution and not a transfer of a toxic material from one environment to another, e.g. to the groundwater or the atmosphere [285], Common destruction pathways include both direct and indirect electrolysis. Many electrochemical degradation pathways remain unclear and may be a mixture of direct and indirect processes depending on the pollutant and its intermediates [84,285a]. 

Sh. Agarwal, Ph. Cluxton, M. Kemper, D.D. Dionysiou, S.R. Al-Abed, Assessment of the functionality of a pilot-scale reactor and its potential for electrochemical degradation of calmagite, a sulfonated azo-dye, Chemosphere, 73, 837-843 (2008). 

Awad, HS Abo Galwa N. Electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes on Pb/Pb02 electrode in the presence of different conductive electrolyte and effect of various operating factors. Chemosphere, 2005 61, 1327-1335. 

Sires I., P.L. Cabot, F. CenteUas, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodriguez, C. Arias, and E. Brillas (2006). Electrochemical degradation of clofibric acid in water by anodic oxidation Comparative study with platinum and boron-doped diamond electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 52 75-85. 

In general the electrochemical stability of an electrolyte is experimentally evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry. However, the determination of the electrochemical windows exhibits several problems. First, the electrochemical degradation or breakdown of an electrolyte is an irreversible reaction, thus there is no theoretical redox potential [40, 41], Passivation of the electrodes often makes it difficult to identify the onset of the reaction due to inhibition of further reactions [40, 42],... 

Direct electrolytic dechlorination of 9-chloroanthracene at a mercury electrode occurs at about -1.65 V (see) in a layer of adsorbed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the electrode surface233. Similarly, electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene in acetonitrile resulted in quantitative conversion to chloroacetylene, which was reduced further to acetylene at a more negative reduction potential (-2.8 V) in 96% yield234. Reductive destruction of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in the cathode compartment could be observed235. Electrochemical methods presumably can be used for decontamination of chemical warfare agents such as mustard derivatives as an alternative to the chemical methods such as base-catalyzed dehydrohalogenation236. 

Polcaro, A.M., Mascia, M., Palmas, S. and Vacca, A. (2004) Electrochemical degradation of diuron and dichloroaniline at BDD electrode. Electrochim. Acta 49, 649-656. 

Fig. 2.9 Electrochemical degradation of 100-ppm phenol as a function of charge passed for different electrode materials, i = 10 mA cm-2, (a) Phenol removal (b) TOC removal (filled square) Ti/Ru02 (filled triangle) Ti/Sb-Sn-Ru02 (filled circle) Ti/Sb-Sn-Ru02-Gd (open square) Ti/Pb02 and (open circle) Pt. Reprinted from Feng and Li (2003), Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier...

Iissens, G., Pieters, J., Verhaege, M., Pinoy, L. and Verstraete, W. (2003) Electrochemical degradation of surfactants by intermediates of water discharge at carbon-based electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 48, 1655-1663. 

Panizza, M., Delucchi, M. and Cerisola, G. (2005) Electrochemical degradation of anionic surfactants. J. Appl. Electrochem. 35, 357-361. 

Polcaro, A. M., Palmas, S., Renoldi, F. and Mascia, M. (1999) On the performance of Ti/Sn02 and Ti/PbOj anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-chlorophenol for wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Electrochem. 29, 147-151. 

Tahar, N. B. and Savall, A. (1999b) Electrochemical degradation of phenol in aqueous solution on bismuth doped lead dioxide A comparison of the activities of various electrode formulations. J. Appl. Electrochem. 29, 277-283. 

Faouzi, A. M., Nasr, B. and Abdellatif, G. (2007), Electrochemical degradation of anthraquinone dye alizarin reds by anodic oxidation on boron-doped diamond. Dyes Pigments, 73(1) 86-89. 

Rajkumar, D., Song, B. J. and Kim, J. G. (2007), Electrochemical degradation of reactive blue 19 in chloride medium for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater with identification of intermediate compounds. Dyes Pigments, 72(1) 1-7. 

Weiss, E., Groenen-Serrano, K. and Savall, A. (2006), Electrochemical degradation of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on boron doped diamond and lead dioxide anodes. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Sys., 9(3) 249-256. 

Panizza, M. and Cerisola, G. (2004) Influence of anode material on the electrochemical oxidation of 2-naphthol. Part 2. Bulk electrolysis experiments. Electrochim. Acta 49, 3221-3226 Panizza, M., Delucchi M., and Cerisola, G. (2005) Electrochemical degradation of anionic surfactants, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35,357-361... 

Polcaro, A.M., Mascia, M., Palmas, S. and Vacca, A. (2004) Electrochemical degradation of diuron and dichloroaniline at BDD electrode. Electrochim. Acta, 49,649-656 Polcaro, A.M., Vacca, A., Mascia, M. and Palmas, S. (2005) Oxidation at boron doped diamond electrodes An effective method to mineralise triazines. Electrochim. Acta 50,1841-1847 Posada, D., Betancourt, P., Liendo, F. and Brito, J.L. (2006) Catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous solutions of substituted phenols. Catal. Lett. 106, 81-88 Rajeshwar, K. and Ibanez, J. (1997) Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Abatement, Academic, New York, NY... 

It is clearly important to know the different electrocatalytic behaviors of some potential DS A anodes and it is also important to obtain the influences of some incorporated elements on the properties of the resulting oxides coatings of DSA anodes. This present chapter focuses on our research related to electrochemical degradation of model substrates - phenol by the Sn02 anode and rare-earth doping Sn02 electrode, including fabrication electrodes, analysis method, and the evaluation of the characteristics of the electrodes. 

It is helpful for the electrochemical degradation ability by getting a uniform layer on base metals. Electrodeposition is convenient and is an effective way to realize this. Sb and Sn metals can be prepared either by co-electrodeposition together or by a sequencing electrodeposition. We developed a sequencing electrodeposition method which is more useful for more uniform and more effective layers. 

Fig. 14.8 HPLC chromatogram electrochemical degradation of phenol at (a) Omin (b) 15 min and (c) 120 min phenol 100 mg I. 1 (for organic adds analysis)...

Reaction Pathway of Electrochemical Degradation of Phenol on Ti/Sn02-Sb Electrodes... 

Johnson, D.C., Feng, J. and Houk L.L. (2000) Direct electrochemical degradation of organic wastes in aqueous media. Electrochim. Acta 46(2-3), 323-330. 

Boye, B., Brillas, E. and Dieng, M. M. (2003a) Electrochemical degradation of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid in aqueous medium by peroxi-coagulation and photoperoxi-coagulation. J. Electroanal. Chem. 540, 25-34. 

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