Dosage forms special

This book provides an ideal revision guide for those preparing to sit for a multiple choice questions (MCQs) examination in pharmacy. It covers common general pharmacy practice interventions and operations and other topics commonly featured in examinations, such as simple pharmaceutical calculations, doses, strengths, nomenclature, abbreviations, dosage forms, specialities, trade and generic names, biochemical tests, classification, side-effects, and common diseases. Some recent advances in pharmacy practice are also included. 

Uses Solubilizer, solvent, emulsifier for pharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, specially for sensitive active ingredients Features Extra pure grade Regulatory USP/NF, EP... 

M Rosoff. Specialized pharmaceutical emulsions. In HA Lieberman, MM Rieger, GS Banker, eds. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems, Vol. 3, 2nd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998, pp 1 42. 

Behind the relatively straightforward compositional nature of ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, and ointments, however, lie many of the same physicochemical parameters that affect drug stability, safety, and efficacy, as they do for most other drug products. But additionally, specialized dosage forms present the ophthalmic product designer with some extraordinary compositional and manufacturing challenges. These... 

D. G. Pope, Specialized Dose Dispensing Equipment, in Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms (J. Blodinger, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1983, p. 99. 

One approach to the study of solubility is to evaluate the time dependence of the solubilization process, such as is conducted in the dissolution testing of dosage forms [70], In this work, the amount of drug substance that becomes dissolved per unit time under standard conditions is followed. Within the accepted model for pharmaceutical dissolution, the rate-limiting step is the transport of solute away from the interfacial layer at the dissolving solid into the bulk solution. To measure the intrinsic dissolution rate of a drug, the compound is normally compressed into a special die to a condition of zero porosity. The system is immersed into the solvent reservoir, and the concentration monitored as a function of time. Use of this procedure yields a dissolution rate parameter that is intrinsic to the compound under study and that is considered an important parameter in the preformulation process. A critical evaluation of the intrinsic dissolution methodology and interpretation is available [71]. 

Although most often connected with investigations of solid dosage forms, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can also be used to characterize alternative formulations. Through the use of a special sample cell, the technique has been used to study the stability of emulsions [37]. In this work, it was found that information could be obtained that pointed toward subtle changes in the emulsion microenvironment. 

The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) has also adopted some of the apparatus designs (12) described in the USP, with some minor modifications in the specifications. Small but persistent differences between the two have their origin in the fact that the American metal processing industry, unlike the European, uses the imperial rather than the metric system. In the European Pharmacopeia, official dissolution testing apparatus for special dosage forms (medicated chewing gum, transdermal patches) have also been incorporated (Table 2 provides an overview of apparatus in Ph. Eur.). 

For special dosage forms Chewing apparatus (medicated Chewing... 

Kraemer J. Chewable Tablets and Chewing Gums. Workshop on Dissolution Testing of Special Dosage Forms, Frankfurt, March 05, 2001 (oral presentation). 

DISSOLUTION/IN VITRO RELEASE OF SPECIAL DOSAGE FORMS... 

Going beyond the application of the in vitro-release test as a QC tool for special dosage forms to biowaivers and in vitro-in vivo correlations will require more research. 

Siewert M, Dressman JB, Brown CK, Shah VP. FIP/AAPS guidelines for dissolution/in vitro release testing of novel/special dosage forms. Dissolution Technologies 2003 10(1) 6-15. 

Drug-delivery systems are essentially specialized dosage forms developed to overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms, such as simple tablets, capsules, injectable solutions, etc. Some of the reasons behind the development of oral DDSs are listed below ... 

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