Oilseed rape varieties

There are no special agronomic requirements of these crops grown for biofuels. Any oilseed rape variety can be used for biodiesel and wheat is the favoured cereal for bioethanol as its starch yield is higher than barley. British Sugar have a bioethanol plant at their Wissington factory which can also use wheat. 

Up to Harvest. Oilseed rape and field beans are used as break crops for winter wheat on a variety of soils, and potatoes are used on the lighter soils. Sugar beet may also be grown, but this depends not only on the soil but also on the proximity of a sugar beet processing factor. Four Rothamsted-based experiments compared the effectiveness of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape in their use of labelled nitrogen fertilizer. Potatoes were included in two of these experiments and sugar beet and field beans in one experiment each. Two criteria based on the... 

A second approach, when a diverse gene pool is available, is to interbreed species with appropriate traits by standard seed-breeding processes. This has been done very effectively with species of brassica to yield the modem oilseed rape (canola). If necessary, the gene pool can be extended by mutation resulting from chemical treatment or from irradiation. This may produce novel varieties with interesting traits and is the basis of the low-linolenic lines from linseed, and other examples are described in Section 9.3. 

The red chlorophyll catabolite RCC (11) is bound strongly to PaO and inhibits it. In an in vitro assay, the soluble reductase from oilseed rape converted 11 to the primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite pFCC (10, 31,32-didchydro-1,4,5,10,17,18,20-(22//)-octahydro-132-(mcthoxy-carbonyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5-seco-phytoporphyrin) (62, 83). The reductase, which was named red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC-reductase) (68, 80, 83), introduced the chiral center C(l) via a stereo-selective reduction step. However, early studies with oilseed rape and sweet pepper indicated a remarkable stereo-dichotomy of the respective reductases (see above) (67, 68, 69). Screening of a variety of plant species for their type of primary FCC revealed the broad existence of two classes of the RCC-reductases , whose stereo-selectivity was species specific (84). At present, the (absolute or relative) configuration at C(l) in the two pFCCs (10 and epi-10) is not yet established (2). Indeed, the existence of the two epimeric pFCCs (10 and epi-10) (see Scheme 6) indicated the absolute configuration at the newly generated chiral center to have no apparent functional relevance (67, 68, 69). 

Franen, M., and W. Paulmann. 1999. Breeding of hybrids varieties of winter oilseed rape based on the MSL-system. Tenth International Rapeseed Congress, Canberra, Australia, pp. 258-263. 

ROBERTSON, G.W., GRIFFITHS, D.W., MACFARLANE SMITH, D. BUTCHER, R.D., The application of thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analyses of flower volatiles from five varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus spp. oleifera). Phytochem. Anal, 1993,4, 152-157. 

Transfer of the tolerant birds rape cytoplasm to B. napus has resulted in stable, highly tolerant genotypes of oilseed rape, one of which has been released as a canola variety, OAC Triton, with another variety, selected in Saskatchewan (tentatively named Tribute) expected for release later this year. 

Figure 15.3 Percentage of conditioned responses obtained in the conditioned proboscis extension paradigm by stimulating the bees with the floral volatiles of transformed (OCI variety expressing a cystein proteinase inhibitor gene) or control (Drakkar variety) oilseed rape.

A wide variety of crop selective compounds has been discovered within this class of compounds. The sulfonylurea herbicides shown in Table 1 are used in wheat, barley, oats, soybeans, rice, com, and oilseed rape (canola), with socialized uses in flax, peanuts, and pasture grasses. In addition, analogs with significant selectivity to sugarbeets, cotton, and other crops have been noted in greenhouse studies at Du Pont. 

Oilseed rape has received most attention regarding l bridisation in recent years. In 2012 about half of the NIAB recommended and provisionally recoimnended varieties were hybrids and many showed yield advantages or other desirable traits compared with conventional varieties. These restored hybrids are FI hybrids produced in a variety of ways, usually from crossing inbred lines but sometimes from more complex breeding operations involving open pollinated varieties. 

The harvest index of wheat has been substantially increased by the breeding of semi-dwarf varieties, and a closely related trait, improved resistance to lodging, has resulted in improvements both to yield and crop quality. Improved yields have been an important trait in all of the other major crops. In some cases improvements have been obtained by plant breeders selecting for winter hardy types which can be autumn sown. Oilseed rape is an important example, others, less successful, have included linseed, peas and lupins. 

Oilseed rape and tnmip rape are 60-70% self-fertile bnt they will also ont-cross readily with other species, if in flower, such as swedes, fodder tnmips, fodder rape, black and brown mustards and Chinese cabbage. Volunteer oilseed rape plants in neighbouring fields can be an important source of pollen contamination (especially the high emcic acid varieties). Isolation requirements for seed crops are therefore quite stringent. There should be a physical barrier or at least 2 m fallow between the crop and aity other crop likely to cause contamination. In addition, there should be an isolation gap of at least 200 m between a certified seed crop and aity source of pollen contamination such as other varieties of oilseed rape or any of the crops mentioned above. For the production of Basic seed this minimum isolation gap should be doubled to 400 m and for hybrid varieties these distances must be increased by a further 100 m. 

The disease Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is important in oilseed rape and a number of other crops as well. It infects the stems of crops during flowering and has a substantial effect on yields. During combining, fragments of the sclerotia of this fungus often break away from infected stems and become mixed in with the harvested seed. There are no field standards for the incidence of this disease but the permissible number of sclerotia in a lOOg certified seed sample is 10 (5 in a 70 g sample for turnip rape varieties). 

Abstract This chapter opens with an introduction to the concept of world markets for oilseeds and proteins and how this affects farmers decisions to grow break crops. It then tackles the agronomy of the main combinable break crops including oilseed rape, linseed, field peas and field beans. It briefly covers more esoteric crops such as flax, lupins, navy beans and sunflowers. Each crop is dealt with by describing the variety choice, tire establishment, crop nutrition, crop protection, and harvesting and storage, as well as a brief discussion of their markets and quality aspects requited. 

Oil crops should be able to produce erucamide so High Eracic Acid Rape (HEAR) varieties and Crambe are the two that are most common. HEAR is grown the same as conventional double-low rape (see Chapter 14) and Crambe is similar to spring oilseed rape in its requirements. Crambe Crambe abyssinica) is a member of the mustard family. The oil contains about 58% emcic acid and the seed coat is high in glucosinolates so must be removed before the meal is suitable for animal feed, and can then be used as a fibre source for low grade paper production. 

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