Chlorophyll breakdown

Krautler, B. and Hortensteiner, S., Shlorophyll catabolites and the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown in Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls Biochemistry, Biophysics, Functions and Applications, Grimm, B. et ah, Eds., Springer, The Netherlands, 2006, 237. 

Hortensteiner, S. et ah. The key step in chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants Cleavage of pheophorbide a macrocycle by a monooxigenase, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 15335, 1998. 

Hortensteiner, S., Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants and algae. Cell. Mol. Life... 

Prauinska, A. et ah. Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent Arabidopsis leaves Characterization of chlorophyll catabolites and of chlorophyll catabolic enzymes involved in the degreening reaction. Plant Physiol., 139, 52, 2005. 

Miihlecker, W. et ah. Tracking down chlorophyll breakdown in plants Elucidation of the constitution of a fluorescent chlorophyll catabohte, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, 36, 401, 1997. 

Rodoni, S. et al.. Partial purification and characterization of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, a stroma protein involved in chlorophyll breakdown. Plant Physiol, 115, 677, 1997. 

Hortensteiner, S., Vicentini, F., and Matile, P., Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent cotyledons of rape, Brassica napus L. enzymatic cleavage of pheophorbide a in vitro, New Phytol, 129, 237, 1995. 

Suzuki, Y. and Shioi, Y, Detection of chlorophyll breakdown products in the senscent leaves of higher plants. Plant Cell Physiol, 40, 909, 1999. 

Pruzinska, A. et ah. In vivo participation of red chlorophyll catabolite reducase in chlorophyll breakdown. The Plant Cell, 19, 369, 2007. 

Hortensteiner, P. et ah. Chlorophyll breakdown in Chlorella protothecoides characterization of degreening and cloning of degreening-related genes. Plant Mol. Biol., 42, 439, 2000. 

However, this accumulation has not been unequivocally proven. The recent identihcation of urobilinogenoidic linear tetrapyrroles in extracts from primary leaves of barley indicated that further degradation of the v-NCC 1 can take place. While the monoxygenation of pheophorbide a in the earlier phases of chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants appears to be a remarkably stringent entry point, the rather diverse structures of NCCs may indicate that the later phases of the detoxi-hcation process follow less strictly regulated pathways." ... 

Oberhuber, M. et al.. Chlorophyll breakdown — on a nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabohte from spinach, Helv. Chim. Acta, 84, 2615, 2001. 

Berghold, J. et al., Chlorophyll breakdown in tobacco on the structure of two non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites, Chemistry Biodiversity, 1, 657, 2004. 

Hdrtensteiner, S. and Krautler, B., Chlorophyll breakdown in oilseed rape, Photo-synth. Res., 64, 137, 2000. 

Queensland mango, Mangifera indica, fruit irradiated postharvest, single dose, 250 or 750 Gy At 250 Gy, skin and pulp color inhibited 50% due to irradiation-induced suppression of chlorophyll breakdown and reduction in carotenoid production. At 750 Gy, fruit respiration increased for 3-5 days, but no effect on fruit firmness 5... 

The most obvious chemical reaction involving chlorophyll is the chlorophyll breakdown in fall and during senescence. This process involves annually more than 10 tons of chlorophyll and, despite its obvious prominence in the natural beauty of the fall season. 

The most important factor related to chlorophyll breakdown in citrus peel is cool temperatures. According to Stearns and Young (6 ), a color break results from temperatures below 13°C in Florida. In California studies, the daytime air, the nighttime air and soil temperatures were all found to be important... 

Krautler B. Chlorophyll breakdown and chlorophyll catabolites. In The Porphyrin Handbook. Kadish KM, Smith KM, Guilard R, eds. 2002. Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 183-210. 

The crude oil with high nonhydratable phospholipids requires acid pretreatment before refining. This may increase the chlorophyll breakdown, forming pheophy-tenes, pheophorbides, and pyropheophorbides and make the finished oil more susceptible to photooxidation (44). 

Matile P, Hortensteiner S., Thomas H., Krauder B. (1996) Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent leaves. Plant Physiol. 112, 1403-9. 

This chapter reviews the occurrence, structure, and reactivity of chlorophyll catabolites from vascular plants and from some microorganisms. In parallel, synthetic means for obtaining such tetrapyrrolic compounds are recapitulated. The available structural information on chlorophyll catabolites (7) has provided a basis for deriving much of the current insights into the biochemical pathways of chlorophyll breakdown in plants and for complementary plant-biological work, as has been reviewed elsewhere recently (see Scheme 1) (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). 

Scheme 1. Overview of chlorophyll breakdown in senescent higher plants (2). The chlorophylls (Chi a, la (R = CH3) or Chi b, lb (R = CH=0) are degraded via pheophorbide a (Pheo a, 5a), red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC, 11), the primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (pFCCs, 10) to non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), such as //v-NCC-1 (2, also called RP-14)...

The central steps of chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants, which result in the cleavage of the Chl-macrocycle, thus depend on the intimate cooperation of the membrane bound PaO and RCC-reductase these two effectively coupled enzymatic steps possibly provide an example of metabolic channeling (4, 5, 60, 85). 

The fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites, such as pFCC (10), were observed not to accumulate during chlorophyll breakdown in senescent leaves (24). The indicated further transformation of the FCC chro-mophore to those of non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) was suggested to possibly be the result of a non-enzymic isomerization (56, 62). In analogy to the results of studies on the tautomerization chemistry of a range of hydro-porphinoids (91), the isomerization of the chromo-phore of FCCs into that of NCCs was judged to be rather favorable, thermodynamically. The complete de-conjugation of the four pyrrolic units, characteristic of the tetrapyrrolic NCCs, thus may occur in the course of natural chlorophyll breakdown under rather mild and, possibly, even without catalysis by (an) enzyme(s) (56). 

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