Oxidation oil

Isobutyl alcohol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-propanol, isopropyl carbinol, Me2CHCH20H. B.p. 108°C. Occurs in fusel-oil. Oxidized by potassium permanganate to 2-methyl-propanoic acid dehydrated by strong sulphuric acid to 2-methylpropene. 

When the operating temperature exceeds ca 93°C, the catalytic effects of metals become an important factor in promoting oil oxidation. Inhibitors that reduce this catalytic effect usually react with the surfaces of the metals to form protective coatings (see Metal surface treatments). Typical metal deactivators are the zinc dithiophosphates which also decompose hydroperoxides at temperatures above 93°C. Other metal deactivators include triazole and thiodiazole derivatives. Some copper salts intentionally put into lubricants counteract or reduce the catalytic effect of metals. 

Water contamination is a constant threat. The sources of water are many—atmospheric condensation, steam leaks, oil coolers, and reservoir leaks. Rusting of machine parts and the effects of rust particles in the oil system are the major results of water in oil. In addition, water forms an emulsion and, combined with other impurities, such as wear metal and rust particles, acts as a catalyst to promote oil oxidation. 

Dilute Acids Concentrated Acids Caustic Alkalis Mineral Oils Animal and Vegetable Oils Oxidizing Acids... 

Fires have often occurred when air is compressed. Above 140°C, lubricating oil oxidizes and forms a carbonaceous deposit on the walls of air compressor delivery lines. If the deposit is thin, it is kept cool by conduction through the pipework. But when deposits get too thick, they can catch fire. Sometimes the delivery pipe has gotten so hot that it has burst or the aftercooler has been damaged. In one case the fire vaporized some of the water in the aftercooler and set up a shock wave, which caused serious damage to the cooling-water lines. 

Molded urethanes are used in items such as bumpers, steering wheels, instrument panels, and body panels. Elastomers from polyurethanes are characterized by toughness and resistance to oils, oxidation, and abrasion. They are produced using short-chain polyols such as polytetram-ethylene glycol from 1,4-butanediol. Polyurethanes are also used to produce fibers. Spandex (trade name) is a copolymer of polyurethane (85%) and polyesters. 

Urethane alkyds These are formed by the reaction of an isocyanate with alkyd, although the curing remains substantially through the oil-oxidation reaction. They have properties similar to alkyds although superior resistance to abrasion is claimed. 

Epoxy ester Epoxy esters are a type of alkyd where a high molecular weight resin is reacted with alkyd resin. The curing mechanism remains primarily through the oil-oxidation reaction and their properties are in no way similar to the chemically reacted epoxies. They have similar properties to alkyds although with improved chemical resistance but inferior appearance. They form a reasonably hard, oil-resistant coating, which can sometimes be suitable for machinery enamels, but are primarily for interior use, since they tend to chalk rapidly on exteriors. Their best use is for chemical or water resistance where circumstances dictate that finishes that are more superior cannot be used. 

Nitration results from fuel combustion in engines. The products formed are highly acidic and they may leave deposits in combustion areas. Nitration will accelerate oil oxidation. Infrared analysis is used to detect and measure nitration products. 

The products of oil oxidation will attack metals, and this can be prevented by keeping the system free from pro-oxidative impurities and by the use of anti-oxidants. These additives will not, however, prevent rusting of ferrous surfaces when air and water are present in the mineral oil. The presence of absorbed air and moisture is inevitable in lubricating systems and therefore the oil must be inhibited against rusting. These additives, which are homogeneously mixed with the oil, have an affinity for metal, and a strongly absorbed oil film is formed on the metal surface, which prevents the access of air and moisture. 

SB Service typical of engines operating in conditions such that only minimum protection of the type afforded by additives is desired. Oils designed for this service have been used since the 1930s they provide only anti-scuff capability and resistance to oil oxidation and bearing corrosion. 

SG Service typical of petrol engines in present cars, vans and light trucks. Oils developed for this service provide improved control of engine deposits, oil oxidation and engine wear relative to oils developed for previous categories. Oils meeting SG may be used wherever SF, SE, SF/CC or SE/CC are recommended. 

Sequence HIE measures high-temperature oil oxidation, sludge and varnish deposits, cam-and-tappet wear, cam and lifter scuffing and valve lifter sticking. 

Mack T6 assesses oil oxidation, piston deposits, oil consumption and ring wear. 

Rotary-screw compressor mineral oils oxidation resistance is assessed in a modified Pneurop oxidation test using iron naphthenate catalyst at 120°C (250°F)... 

Testing should include a dielectric strength test to confirm the oil s insulation capability and an acidity test, which indicates oil oxidation. While acid formation does not usually develop until the oil has been in service for some time when it does occur the process can be rapid. If acidity is below 0.5 mg KOH/g no action would seem necessary. Between 0.5 and 1 mg KOH/g, increased care and testing is essential. Above 1 the oil should be removed and either reconditioned or discarded. Before the unit is filled with a fresh charge of oil it should be flushed. 

Skeletal catalysts are usually employed in slurry-phase reactors or fixed-bed reactors. Hydrogenation of cottonseed oil, oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols, and several other reactions are performed in sluny phase, where the catalysts are charged into the liquid and optionally stirred (often by action of the gases involved) to achieve intimate mixing. Fixed-bed designs suit methanol synthesis from syngas and catalysis of the water gas shift reaction, and are usually preferred because they obviate the need to separate product from catalyst and are simple in terms of a continuous process. 

Ammonia synthesis Oxidation of ammonia to produce nitric acid Cracking of crude oil Oxidation of SO2 to SO3... 

OIL — Oxidation is loss Simply put, oxidation is a loss of electrons. The element being oxidized is giving away electrons. 

Buratti, S., Benedetti, S., Cosio, M.S. (2005) An electronic nose to evaluate olive oil oxidation during storage. Ital. J. Food Sci. 17 203-210. 

Haber synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2 Hydrogenation of vegetable oils Oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO and reduc-... 

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