Naphthenic oils oxidation stability

Lube oil extraction plants often use phenol as solvent. Phenol is used because of its solvent power with a wide range of feed stocks and its ease of recovery. Phenol preferentially dissolves aromatic-type hydrocarbons from the feed stock and improves its oxidation stability and to some extent its color. Phenol extraction can be used over the entire viscosity range of lube distillates and deasphalted oils. The phenol solvent extraction separation is primarily by molecular type or composition. In order to accomplish a separation by solvent extraction, it is necessary that two liquid phases be present. In phenol solvent extraction of lubricating oils these two phases are an oil-rich phase and a phenol-rich phase. Tne oil-rich phase or raffinate solution consists of the "treated" oil from which undesirable naphthenic and aromatic components have been removed plus some dissolved phenol. The phenol-rich phase or extract solution consists mainly of the bulk of the phenol plus the undesirable components removed from the oil feed. The oil materials remaining... 

Naphthenic acid is ideal for synthesizing metal carboxylates that require a ligand with some oxidative stability, solubility in hydrocarbons and oils, and insolubility in water. 

Chem. Descrip. Naphthenic acid CAS 1338-24-5 EINECS/ELINCS 215-662-8 Uses Chem. and surfactant intermediate (derivs. used in wood preservatives, lubricant additives, and also corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers, defoamers, paint and ink driers, tire cord adhesives, fuel additives, cutting oils, vinyl stabilizers) prod, of metal soaps Features Replacement for nat. fatly acids, tall oil acids, and syn. acids exc. oxidative stability and compat. 

It was investigated that the viscosity index, pour point, oxidation stability, and other related properties of base oil depended on the composition and chemical nature of the aromatic, paraffinic, and naphthenic carbon contents (Yates et al., 1992). In this study, carbon types between KH150BS and filtrated oils were obtained using some base data of physical properties, and the method was similar to SH/T0729-2004. The results are shown in Table 5. 

Features Replaces or reduces chlorine or sulfur rec. where high temp, performance is required exc. thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability biostable ashless contains no chlorine, sulfur, or phosphorous nonslaining Properties LI. amber sol. in all oils ind. paraffinic and naphthenic oils sp.gr. 0.99 (60 F) dens. 8.25 Ib/gal (60 F) vise. 40,000 SUS (100 F) vise, index 205 iodine no. 4 flash pi. > 400 F 8-12% free fatly acid (as oleic)... 

It is not sufficient merely to have such material on the libraiy shelves it must also be carefully indexed. All new books and pamphlets received are examined carefully for information that would not ordinarily be expected in such publications. In The Chemistry of the Non-Benzenoid Hydrocarbons (1922) by B. T. Brooks, for example, there are references to naphthenic acids, production of fatty acids by wax oxidation, and synthetic lubricating oils. In Volume VI of Colloid Chemistry (1946) edited by Jerome Alexander, there are chapters on the Geiger-Miiller x-ray spectrometer, electron microscopy, catalysis and its industrial applications, soil stabilization, polythene, and potential nuclear energy. Such information is typed on 3 X 5 cards on some books as many as forty or fifty cards may be required. In this way an extremely useful file of information has been built up that might otherwise be overlooked as valuable data sometimes appear in unexpected places. 

Larger refineries with a wider product range can justify catalytic hydrogenation facilities. Olefins and aromatics are reduced to their saturated equivalents, paraffins and naphthenes. This method of decolorization decreases the number and extent of conjugated double bonded species and stabilizes the lubricating oil stocks toward oxidation. 

To lubricate high and ultra-high vacuum pumps special lubricants with low vapour pressures at the working temperature are used, produced from naphthenic or paraffinic mineral oils by molecular distillation with good oxidative and thermal stability. Synthetic esters are another group of lubricants for vacuum pumps, the most widely used are di-n-butyl and di-n-octyl phthalates. 

Metallic sulfonates, such as sodium sulfonate, are often used as emulsifiers in both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Other emulsifiers used include ethylene oxide condensation products and derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols such as sorbitol and sulfosuccinates for water-in-oil emulsions. For oil-in-water emulsions, soaps of fatty acids, rosins, or naphthenic acids are often used as emulsifiers. In either application, the role of emulsifiers is to change the interfacial tension at the water and oil interface. In cases where emulsification with water is undesirable, demulsifiers are used. Frequently, the demulsifiers are heavy metal soaps, such as alkaline earth sulfonates. These surfactants function by lowering emulsion stability. 

Demulsifiers synthesized by polycondensation of an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer, an oxalkylated fatty amine, and a dicarboxylic acid are known as polyester amines. These demulsifiers have the ability to adhere to natural substances that stabilize emulsions, such as organic materials formed by asphaltenes, oil resins, naphthenic acids, paraffins, and waxes they also adhere to inorganic particles formed by clays, carbonates, silica, and metallic salts. These properties increase the demulsification efficiency of the polyester amines [2, 5]. The availability of a variety of building blocks allows for the preparation of demulsifiers for specific applications. With this chemicd arsenal it is possible to tailor demulsifiers for nearly all problems posed by stable emulsions, including crude oil dehydration and desalting. 

Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) performs many functions including lubrication, power transfer, hydraulic control, and cooling [73], This fluid is extremely complex consisting of a base mineral oil (consisting of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons) and an additive package. Newer ATF compositions consist of synthetic base materials. The additives prevent fluid oxidation, corrosion, loss of lubricity, and foaming. Even though antioxidants, inhibitors, and stabilizers are added to the ATF, the base oil... 

The physical and chemical properties, as well as exact chemical composition of heavy crude oil, vary from one source to another. Crude oils, especially the heavy crude oils, contain large quantities of asphaltenes (high-molecular-weight polar components). Other crude oil components are resins, fatty acids such as naphthenic acids, porphyrins, wax crystals, etc., which can associate to asphaltenes and affect the oil stability. Particles such as silica, clay, iron oxides, etc., can be present in crude oils. 

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