Oil of spike lavender

Oil of spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia (L.f.) Medikus), Spanish type... 

The Frensh lavender—l. spiea—ako yields a fragrant oil and water by distillation but they are very far inferior to those from the preceding species. The oil of this latter plant is called the oil of spike. 

Linalyl acetate (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl acetate) Found in essential oils of bergamot, lavender, lavandin, spike lavender, Clary sage, neroli and petitgrain. Floral, fruity, sweet and herbaceous odour. 

Lavandin Oil, Abrial Type, occurs as a pale yellow to yellow liquid with a slight, camphoraceous odor that is strongly suggestive of lavender. It is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops of a hybrid, Lavandula abrialis unofficial (Fam. Labiatae), of true lavender, Lavandula officinalis, or of spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia. It is soluble in most... 

Spanish spike lavender oil is produced by steam distillation of the flowering tops of spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia Medik. It is an almost colorless to pale greenish-yellow liquid with a characteristic, rough odor slightly like cineole and camphor. 

Factitious Oil of Spike. Oil of turpentine, 3 pints oil of lavender, 1 pint mix. Used by enamelcrs to mix their colors... 

Spike-lavender oil. Colorless to yellowish-green oil with a fresh, herby-camphor, lavender-like odor. Production By steam distillation of the flowering herbage of spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia mainly growing wild on the Iberian peninsula. Main producing country is Spain, 150-2()0 t/a. 

Coal Tar.—These soaps contain, in addition to carbolic acid and its homologues, naphthalene and other hydrocarbons derived from coal, naphthol, bases, etc. Various blends of different fractions of coal tar are used, but the most valuable constituents from a disinfectant point of view are undoubtedly the phenols, or tar acids, though in this case as with carbolic and cresylic soaps, the amount of phenols should not exceed 3 per cent, in a toilet soap. An excess of naphthalene should also be avoided, since, on account of its strong odour, soaps containing much of it are unpopular. The odour of coal tar is considerably modified by and blends well with a perfum> containing oils of cassia, lavender, spike, and red thyme. 

The most important feature of spike oil from the perfumer s point ol view, is the amount of free alcohols contained therein, which is usually returned as borneol (calculated from the acetylation results). This will, in genuine spike oils, rarely be less than 30 per cent. Spanish spike oils frequently show rather less than this—28 to 29 per cent., but it is probable that this is due to the fact that other Labiate flowors grow in close proximity with the lavender flowers, and are to some extent distilled with them, without any intention of fraud, but because it is in practice impossible to separate them. Umney has recorded the analyses of about a hundred samples of spike lavender oils, with a boraecJ value varying from about 23 to 41 per cent. Any sample with less than 28 per cent, should be viewed with suspicion, and samples containing much less than this are undoubtedly adulterate. 

Lavender Oil Spike. Also known as spike oil, lavender oil spike is obtained by steam distillation of the flowering tops of l vandula latijolia Vik., which grows wild and is also cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region, with most production in Spain and France. There was a time when spike oil, particularly Spanish lavender oil [8016-78-2] found extensive use in soap perfumery however, with the introduction of the less expensive lavandin oil, a hybrid of tme lavender (L. angustifolid) and L. latijolia, utilization of spike oil in perfumery has been reduced appreciably. French spike oil, a more dehcate version, still finds considerable use in functional and industrial perfumery. A comparison of the volatiles of a commercial Spanish oil and a... 

Linalol is found very widely distributed in essential oils. It forms the principal constituent, in the free state, of oil of linaloe, and the chief odorous constituent, in the form of esters, in bergamot and lavender oils. It is also found in ylang-ylang, rose, champaca leaf, cinnamon, petit-grain, spike, geranium, lemon, spearmint, and numerous. other essential oils. 

Some oils consist almost entirely of esters for example, those of Oaultheria procumhens and Betula lenta contain about 99 per cent, of methyl salicylate. Bergamot and lavender owe the greater part of their perfume value to esters of linalol, of which the acetate predominates. Geranium oil owes its fragrance chiefly to geranyl esters, of which the tiglate is the chief. On the other hand, oils such as spike lavender, sandalwood, lemon-grass, and citronella contain but small quantities of esters, and owe their perfume value to entirely different types of compounds. 

This body, CjoHjgO, has been described under several names, the best known being that now usually adopted, viz. cineol also cajuputol (from its occurrence in oil of cajuput) and eucalyptol (from its occurrence in oil of eucalyptus). It is found in nature in very large quantities in the above-mentioned oils, as well as in many others, notably wormseed, lavender (English), and spike-lavender oils. It results also by the... 

Terpenes are commonly employed for diluting lemon, orange, and bergamot oils. The addition lowers the specific gravity, increases the optical rotation, and lowers the proportion of oxygenated constituents. Terpinolene, a by-product in the manufacture of terpineol, has been detected in some oils, notably citronella and spike, lavender. It can be detected by its odour in the fractionated oils. 

For hundreds of years the essential oil of lavender has been well appreciated for perfumery purposes [72]. Lavender oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh-flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) [73]. It is a colourless or pale yellow, clear liquid, with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odour on a woody balsamic base [73, 74]. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, characteristic components of lavender oils are limonene, cineol, 3-octanone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol and a-terpineol. Adulterations commonly include blends of lavender oils with lavandin oil or spike oil, and the addition of synthetic linalool and linalyl acetate. In contrast, genuine lavender oils contain as main constituents (i )-linalyl acetate and (i )-linalool of high enantiomeric purity (Fig. 17.14). 

Camphor (C10H160) Found in essential oils of ho leaf, lavandin, spike lavender, rosemary and sage. An important compound used in many applications including medical preparations, but it is classified as toxic. 

For an essential oil such as lavender, the same major components will be present these are linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. This is the qualitative knowledge. The different types of lavender essential oils will contain different amounts of constituent compounds. Spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia, has high amounts of 1,8-cineole (25-37%), while true lavender, Lavandula angustifolia, has very small amounts (0-5%). Lavandula latifolia may contain up to 60% camphor, while Lavandula angustifolia has only up to about 12%. This is quantitative information. A quantitative analysis is needed to help identify different types of oil and can distinguish chemotypes. 

Spike lavender comes from the Lavandula latifolia or Lavandula spica species. These grow at much lower altitudes, are easier and cheaper to cultivate and give high yields of oil. The main country of origin is Spain. 

Lavandin is produced by a hybrid plant Lavandula intermedia or Lavandula hybrida, which was bred by crossing the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) with spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia). Lavandin is sometimes called bastard lavender. Hybrids are widespread in horticulture, where they are bred to produce plants with the desired properties of the parents. The lavandin plants are easier to grow at lower altitudes (400-600 metres), yielding almost twice as much oil as the true lavender plant. Again, this is economically favourable and lavandin essential oil is particularly useful for the cosmetic and fragrance industries. 

Spike Lavender Oil occurs as a pale yellow to yellow liquid with a camphoraceous, lavender odor. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from the flowers of Lavandula latifolia, Vill. (Lavandula spica, D.C.) (Fam. Labiatae). It is soluble in most fixed oils and in propylene glycol. It is slightly soluble in glycerin and in mineral oil. 

Site-specific natural isotope fractionation (SNIF) NMR, which determines different (D/H), isotope ratios from the NMR spectra, has been used to characterize essential oils derived from a variety of botanicals (lavender, spike lavender, bose de rose oil, bergamont, germanium, clary sage, petit grain, coriander, Formosan, and camphor oil) and geographical regions versus synthetically produced oils. These SNIF-NMR results combined with DA allowed the natural and synthetic oils to be unambiguously indentified. ... 

The main components of Spanish spike lavender oil are linalool (34-50%), 1,8-cineole (16-39%), and camphor (8-16%) [585-591c]. 

There are three species of lavender which give oils of differing quality. They are known as lavender, lavandin and spike. 

B Lavandin (2), Barrfime (3), French Mt. Blanc (4) and lavender oil (6) are qualitatively alike in the main zones, with quantitative differences in the amount of linalyl acetate, linalool, cineole and epoxidihydrocaryophyllene at R, 0.5-0.55 characteristic red-violet zone in the commercial oil samples 2-6. Spike lavender oil (5) has an almo.st equal linalool and dneol content. Linalyl acetate is absent. 

A rst step in genetic engineering is the development and optimization of transformation (gene transfer) protocols for the target species. Such optimized protocols exist for essential oil plants such as lavandin (f avandula x intermedia Dronne et al, 1999), spike lavender Lavandula latifolia Nebauer et al, 2000), and peppermint M. piperita Diemer et al, 1998 Niu et al, 2000). 

In spike lavender, an additional copy of the -deoxy- -xylulose-5-phosphate synthase gene, the rst enzymatic step in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway leading to the precursors of mono-terpenes, from Arabidopsis thaliana, was introduced and led to an increase of the essential oil of the leaves of up to 360% and of the essential oil of owers of up to 74% (Munoz-Bertomeu et al., 2006). 

Munoz-Bertomeu, J., I. Arrillaga, R. Ros, and J. Segura, 2006. Up-regulation of 1-deoxy- -xylulose-5-phos-phate synthase enhances production of essential oils in transgenic spike lavender, 142 ... 

---