Oil modifiers

Phenolic Dispersions. These systems are predominantly resin-in-water systems in which the resin exists as discrete particles. Particle size ranges from 0.1 to 2 p.m for stable dispersions and up to 100 p.m for dispersions requiring constant agitation. Some of the earliest nonaqueous dispersions were developed for coatings appHcations. These systems consist of an oil-modified phenoHc resin complexed with a metal oxide and a weak solvent. 

Low viscosity cellulose propionate butyrate esters containing 3—5% butyryl, 40—50% propionyl, and 2—3% hydroxyl groups have excellent compatibihty with oil-modified alkyd resins (qv) and are used in wood furniture coatings (155). Acetate butyrate esters have been used in such varied apphcations as hot-melt adhesive formulations (156), electrostatically spray-coated powders for fusible, non-cratering coatings on metal surfaces (157—159), contact lenses (qv) with improved oxygen permeabiUty and excellent wear characteristics (160—162), and as reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination of water (163). 

This includes inorganic materials such as mica, glass fibre and asbestos etc., impregnated or glued together with varnishes or compositions comprising ordinary organic substances for heat resistance such as oil-modified synthetic resins, bitumen, shellac and Bakelite. 

High phenyl content resins are compatible with organic resins of the P-F, U-F, M-F, epoxy-ester and oil-modified alkyd types but are not compatible with non-modified alkyds. Silicone resins are highly water repellent. 

Paints based on phenolic resins are oil modified to permit drying at ambient temperatures. They are very suitable for most industrial atmospheres. Paints with a higher standard of chemical resistance are required for equipment that is splashed by corrosive process liquors. 

Figure 8-41. Open steam stripping light hydrocarbons from a rich oil. Modified for Example 8-20 and used by pemnission, Ellerbee, R. W., C/iem. Eng. Mar. 4 (1974), p. 108.

Modified alkyd resins In this group one finds styrenated alkyds, vinyl toluenated alkyds, oil-modified vinyl resins, acrylic alkyds, silicone alkyds and polyurethane alkyds. The modifying component usually has a number of effects. It always increases the molecular weight of the alkyd polymer, and may impart hardness, durability, or chemical resistance. It also affects the solubility of the polymer in solvents. 

Oil-base (including oil-modified alkyd resin) paint films should not be used in alkaline environments as the paint will deteriorate owing to saponification alkali-resistant coatings are provided by some cellulose ethers, e.g. ethyl cellulose, certain polyurethane, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, p.v.c./ p.v.a. copolymer, or acrylic-resin-based paints. In particular, aluminium and its alloys should be protected by alkali-resistant coatings owing to the detrimental effects of alkali on these metals. 

From these, prepolymers are prepared where the diisocyanates may be completely reacted as in the case of the urethane oils which resemble the oil-modified alkyds but have urethane (—NHCOO—) links in place of the ester (—COO—) links of the alkyds, or where one only of the isocyanate groups is combined, leaving the other to participate in crosslinking reactions. Such a reactive prepolymer is the biuret that may be prepared from hexamethylene diisocyanate, has the following structure ... 

Paraplex. A trademark for a group of alkyd type polymeric materials known as polyester resins. These resins are primarily long chain polybasic acids esterified with polyhydric alcohols such as glycol sebacate, glycerol, or ethylene glycol. Some are oil-modified while others are unmodified polyesters... 

N. G. Kashkarov, N. N. Verkhovskaya, A. A. Ryabokon, A. N. Gnoevykh, E. A. Konovalov, and V. I. Vyakhirev. Lubricating reagent for drilling fluids—consists of spent sunflower oil modified with additive in form of aqueous solutions of sodium alkylsiliconate(s). Patent RU 2076132-C, 1997. 

Fig. 5.5. Percentage of GnRH self-priming in hemipituitaries from ovariectomized rats treated for 3 d with oil, B, or TX and incubated for 3 h with medium alone, E2, or TX. GnRH self-priming was calculated as the peak response to the second GnRH pulse x 100/peak response to the first GnRH pulse. A value of 100% or less indicates absence of GnRH selfpriming. P < 0.05 versus oil (modified from Sanchez-Criado et al. J Endocrinol 186 43-49, 2005)...

Oil Modifier MP-8 of the same inventor reduces oil losses by a factor of 1.6, extends oil service life 2- to 3-fold and cuts pollutant discharges by at least 30 %, while enhancing engine power by up to 10 %. Also, this non-toxic additive reduces wear and varnish formation on engine parts and improves detergency and sealing. Its cost is about 40 % that of domestic motor oil. 

Floatability of bastnaesite found in barite-fluorite ores is extremely poor using either fatty acid flotation or sodium oleate. Research work conducted on an ore from Central Asia showed that the floatability of bastnaesite improved significantly after barite preflotation [5]. The flotation of bastnaesite from a carbonatite ore improved with the use of oleic acid modified with phosphate ester. The flotation of bastnaesite from deposits ofpegmatitic origin can be successfully accomplished with several types of collectors, including tall oil modified with secondary amine, and tall oil modified with petroleum sulphonate-encompassing group. 

Applications. Phthalic anhydride is used largely to make plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride. It is also a feed for alkyd resins and. for unsaturated polyesters that are widely used in construction, rharine, and synthetic marble applications. Other minor applications are dyes, esters, drying oil modifiers and pharmaceutical intermediates. 

Materials. The adhesives and primers used in this study were model and commercial materials that were cured according to conditions appropriate for the specific adhesive chemistry. Adhesives A and B were conventional epoxy/Versamid and epoxy/dlcyandiamlde adhesives, respectively. Adhesives C and D were commercial urethane and epoxy/polyamlde adhesives, respectively. Adhesive E was a conventional two-part epoxy/amldoamlne adhesive. Adhesive F was a vinyl plastlsol adhesive. The adhesive primers used in this study were a urethane crosslinked epoxy electrocoat primer and spray primers based on tall oil modified epoxy ester, and polyesterpolyol/isocyan-ate chemistry. Dicyandlamlde was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. Epon 828 was obtained from Shell Chemical Company. 

Figure 3.2 Dispensing of a microbatch trial under oil. The dashed circle represents the initial position of the crystallization drop at the time of dispensing. The grey circle represents the final position of the drop after it had made its way to the bottom of the well (due to its higher density compared to that of the oil). Modified from Chayen (1997). The role of oil in macromolecular crystallization. Structure 5, 1259-1274, Copyright Elsevier.

Duraplex. Trademark of Rohm Haas Co for drying and nondrying oil-modified alkyd resins derived from phthalic anhydride, poly-hydric alcohols, and vegetable oils (Ref 2). 

Texaco 18 asphal 8, Amm perchlorate 73, cetyl acetamide 3, dibutyl sebacate 5.5, castor oil modified glycerol sebacate 3 chromium sesquioxide (serving as a combustion accelerator) 2.5 parts (Ref 2a Ref 8, p 114)... 

Both aqueous polymer-based systems (latex), made by emulsion or dispersion polymerization, and oil-modified alkyd resin-based systems are still in wide use [781], Table 12.2 shows the composition of a typical water-based emulsion paint. There is a wide variety of coatings, ranging from broad applicability to highly specialized, including latexes, amino resins, isocyanates, epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polyester... 

The Case Study. Comparison of laboratory test, sequence VIA and vehicle aging tests of the SAE 5W-20 engine oil modified by MoDTC additive, [Mo] = 700 ppm. Used oil samples were analyzed for the following properties MoDTC (%) left, antioxidant (%) left, ZDDP (%) left, and friction- reduction effectiveness. The case study includes a description of ... 

Table 5.16. Comparison of laboratory aging ASTM, sequence VIA and vehicle aging tests of SAE 5 W-20 engine oil modified by an MoDTC additive, [Mo] = 700 ppm...

Binders for copper clad laminates consist of a solution of phenolic resol (part A) and of a composition obtained from a drying oil modified resol, hexamethylene-tetraamine and BPA/DC monomer or prepolymer [142, 143]. 

Polymerizing acrylic monomers in the presence of oil-modified polyurethane leads also to a grafting onto the polyacrylics, resulting in dispersions suitable for stable water-borne latexes with good adhesion properties and fair hardness properties [103]. 

Fats and oils modify product texture in preparation of foods, serve as heat transfer... 

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