Alkyd polymer

Modified alkyd resins In this group one finds styrenated alkyds, vinyl toluenated alkyds, oil-modified vinyl resins, acrylic alkyds, silicone alkyds and polyurethane alkyds. The modifying component usually has a number of effects. It always increases the molecular weight of the alkyd polymer, and may impart hardness, durability, or chemical resistance. It also affects the solubility of the polymer in solvents. 

Phenolic, epoxy, urea, melamine, and polyester (alkyd) polymers are cross-linked (thermoset) plastics. They are solvent-resistant and are not softened by heat. Unlike the thermoplastic step reaction polymers, which are produced by the condensation of two difunctional reactants, these network polymers are produced from reactants at least one of which has a degree of functionality higher than two. 

Serious problems are encountered in the exterior use of wood due to the influence of moisture, ultraviolet light, fungi, and erosion. New, improved, exterior finishes such as silicone-modified alkyds, polymers of vinyl fluoride, and acrylic and related polymer latex paints are continually being introduced. 

This is the structure of alkyd polymers, which are the reaction products of acids with di- and polyhydric alcohols. Such polymers are used primarily for surface coatings, which can be caused to react further in situ through residual hydroxyl, acid, or olefin groups. 

A nonelectrochemical method also sensitive to the presence of water is infrared spectroscopy with multiple internal reflection, applied by Nguyen and coworkers to study the swelKng of an organic coating at the metal-polymer interface in situ [58]. The integration of the stretching vibration of water was used as a measure of the water uptake at the interface. Stratmarm and coworkers measured the increase of the water concentration at the Fe-alkyd-polymer interface by means of single attenuated total infrared reflection spectroscopy (ATIRS) [59]. An ultrathin Fe film was evaporated onto a ZnSe crystal and coated with an alkyd primer. The authors concluded that no separate water film is... 

Three important binders for paints are mentioned [8]. Acrylic polymers (resins) are present in emulsion paints that are typically used to paint the inside and outside of buildings. Alkyd polymers (resins) are contained in decorative gloss paints. Epoxy polymers (resins) often serve as binders for industrial primer coatings. They give the paint great adhesion properties and high resistance to corrosion. 

It would be obvious to increase the catalyst concentration in order to further reduce autoxidation time required to densely crosslink the alkyd polymer particles. However, formidable effects arise from increasing the concentration of zirconium maphthenate to 0.05% and cobalt naphthenate to 0.05%. When the emulsion was subjected to 80.0 psi, the autoxidation reaction was uncontrollable. Therefore, the concentration of catalysts is critical. 

Thus, in alkyd-acrylic systems, the final product contains free acrylic polymer, grafted acrylic-alkyd polymer, and free alkyd resin [95]. Polyurethane-acrylic hybrids present a polymer network formed by acrylic chains linked by both polyurethane chains and pure acrylic connections [76]. 

Used as fibres, particularly in textiles and film. Many other polyester polymers are of importance, e.g. unsaturated polyester resins from phthalic anhydride, propylene glycol and maleic anhydride used with reinforcement in boats, cars, etc. (alkyd resins). U.S. production 1983 1-7 megatonnes. 

Polyesters from polybasic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Alkyd resins. The condensation of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids or anhydrides leads to polj esters known as alkyd resins. The most common member of the group is a glycerol - phthahc acid polymer, and this has led to the term glyptal resins being frequently apphed to the whole group. 

The properties of the polymers may be modified by mixing abphatic acids or anhydrides with the phthalic anhydride. Many alkyd resins find application in the paint industry. 

Uses. Neopentyl glycol is used extensively as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of polyester resins (see Alkyd resins), polyurethane polyols (see Urethane polymers), synthetic lubricants, polymeric plasticizers (qv), and other polymers. It imparts a combination of desirable properties to properly formulated esterification products, including low color, good weathering and chemical resistance, and improved thermal and hydrolytic stabiUty. 

A variety of additives are used to control the properties of wetting and dispersion of pigments, flow, Hthography, and mb-off of inks. These additives belong to classes of materials such as surfactants, bentonite clays, alkyds, functional resins, polymers, etc. 

Alkyd resins are produced by reaction of a polybasic acid, such as phthaUc or maleic anhydride, with a polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or glycol, in the presence of an oil or fatty acid. The resulting polymeric material can be further modified with other polymers and chemicals such as acryhcs, siUcones, and natural oils. On account of the broad selection of various polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, oils and fatty acids, and other modifying ingredients, many different types of alkyd resins can be produced that have a wide range of coating properties (see Alkyd resins). 

Uses. Phthabc anhydride is used mainly in plasticizers, unsaturated polyesters, and alkyd resins (qv). PhthaUc plasticizers consume 54% of the phthahc anhydride in the United States (33). The plasticizers (qv) are used mainly with poly(vinyl chloride) to produce flexible sheet such as wallpaper and upholstery fabric from normally rigid polymers. The plasticizers are of two types diesters of the same monohydric alcohol such as dibutyl phthalate, or mixed esters of two monohydric alcohols. The largest-volume plasticizer is di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7] which is known commercially as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and is the base to which other plasticizers are compared. The important phthahc acid esters and thek physical properties are Hsted in Table 12. The demand for phthahc acid in plasticizers is naturally tied to the growth of the flexible poly(vinyl chloride) market which is large and has been growing steadily. 

Synthetic Applications. Oxazolines, which ate synthesized as indicated above, have been utilized in many different appHcations (25). When used in resin formulations, AMP, AEPD, and TRIS AMINO can incorporate the oxazoline stmeture into the polymer stmeture (26). Because they ate polyols, both AEPD and TRIS AMINO can be used in polyester resin modification. Oxazoline alkyd films ate characterized by improved performance, particularly salt-spray resistance and gloss (see Alkyd resins Coatings, special purpose, high performance). 

Modification of Alkyd Resins by Blending with Other Polymers... 

One of the important attributes of alkyds is their good compatibiUty with a wide variety of other coating polymers. This good compatibiUty comes from the relatively low molecular weight of the alkyds, and the fact that the resin stmcture contains, on the one hand, a relatively polar and aromatic backbone, and, on the other hand, many aUphatic side chains with low polarity. An alkyd resin in a blend with another coating polymer may serve as a modifier for the other film-former, or it may be the principal film-former and the other polymer may serve as the modifier for the alkyd to enhance certain properties. Examples of compatible blends foUow. 

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