Oil for cleansing

The Romans and Greeks before the Christian era seem to have been without soap as we know it, and to some of us today their cleaning methods seem unrefined. The Greeks used oil for cleansing the skin, and supplemented it with abrasives such as bran, sand, ashes, and pumice-stone. Clothes and woolen textiles were cleaned by treading the material or beating the fabric with stones or a wooden mallet in the presence of fuller s earth together with alkali, lye, or more usually ammonia in the form of stale urine. 

Washes, mouth Hydroalcoholic solutions of soap flavored with essential oils for cleansing the oral cavity ... 

Hand lotions, of the emulsion type, are also, in most cases, oil in water emulsions. A true emulsifying agent is usually used to form the emulsion and for cleansing properties. Vegetable gums, like tragacanth or Irish moss extract, are added, not only to stabilize the emulsion but to increase the emollient properties, because of the added viscosity effect. 

Tetrachloroethane is used as a solvent, for cleansing and degreasing metals, in paint removers, varnishes, lacquers, photographic film, resins and waxes, extraction of oils and fats, as an alcohol denaturant, in organic synthesis, in insecticides, as a weedkiller and fumigant and as an intennediate in the manufacture of other chlorinated hydrocarbons (Lewis, 1993). 

Monoester sulphosuccinates use a wider variety of alcohols than diesters and tend to use longer carbon chain alcohols to obtain the required HLB value from a single alkyl group. A typical product for cleansing applications would use a C12-14 alcohol derived from coconut or palm kernel oil. These materials are easily available due to their use as raw materials for sulphation (see later). Effective sulphosuccinates can also be prepared from petrochemical alcohols but these seem to be less popular. Ethoxylated alcohols (typically 3 mol of EO) are also used and can provide additional benefits in personal care applications. In some cases, alkanolamides or ethoxylated alkanolamides are used as the alcohol, such as ethoxylated cocomonoethanolamide, but they are relatively uncommon, since they are difficult to manufacture and are prone to colouration. 

Thus, a combination of coconut (C10 C12) and tallow (C16 -C1X) fatty acids is most suitable from the viewpoint of providing a balance in lathering attributes to deliver consumer-acceptable lather. Commonly accepted ratios of these soap feedstocks are 80-85 percent tallow and 15-20 percent coconut oil for standard purpose bars and 60-70 percent tallow, 30-40 percent coconut oil for the higher lathering bar-soap products. Cleansing bars formulated with free fatty acids (superfatting) improves the quickness of lather generation and provides an open bubbly foam. Commonly accepted levels... 

Water containing Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ ions is known as hard water because, when soap is first added, a lather cannot be obtained. Common soap made from animal fat or vegetable oil is a mixtures of sodium and potassium salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. These salts are soluble and are dissociated in water. They readily form a lather with pure water and are widely used for cleansing purposes. However, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ ions react with soap and form insoluble salts that separate as slimy, sticky precipitates. For example, Ca2+ ions react with stearate ions as follows. 

These are prepared by treating fixed oils, for example castor oil, (which contains the triglyceride of the fatty acid 12-hydroxyoleic acid) with sulphuric acid and neutralizing with sodium hydroxide solution. Sulphated castor oil is used pharmaceutically as an emulsifying agent for oil-in-water creams and ointments. It is non-irritant and is used as a cleansing agent when soap is contra-indicated. It is also used in the manufacture of shampoos and deodorant sprays. 

Uses Oil-phase ingred., peariescent, emulsifier, dispersant, emulsion stabilizer for cosmetics thickener for cleansing foams Regulatory JSCI compliance Properties Wh. soft wax HLB 7 Emalex 810 [Nihon Emulsion]... 

Chem. Descrip. Lecithin, oleamide DEA, and soybean oil Uses Resorbable refatting agenL solubilizer, coemulsifier, and wetting agent for cleansing preps., hair care prods., men s toiletries Emutmin 40 [Sanyo Chem. Ind.]... 

Uses Emollient in bath oils, creams/lotions, sun creams, shaving prods., insect repellents, antiperspirants, deodorants oily component for cleansing creams, nail... 

Uses Emollient in bath oils, creams/lotions, sun creams, shaving prods., insect repellents, antiperspirants, deodorants oily component for cleansing creams, nail polish removers plasticizer for nail polishes pigment wetting agent softener in creams, hair care solvent for fatty cosmetic ingreds. vehicle for lipsticks solubilizer for perfume oils, vitamin oils, hormones solubilizer, vehicle for medicines excipient for injectable substances lubricant for PVC... 

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