Of volatile organic compounds

Type of pollutant Weight % of volatile organic compounds contained In exhaust gas Relative risk factor... 

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from air is most often accompHshed by TSA. Air streams needing treatment can be found in most chemical and manufacturing plants, especially those using solvents. At concentrations from 500 to 15,000 ppm, recovery of the VOC from steam used to regenerate activated carbon adsorbent thermally is economically justified. Concentrations above 15,000 ppm ate typically in the explosive range and... 

J. J. Brezinski, Manual on the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Inks, and Belated Coating Products, 2nd ed., ASTM Manual Series, MNL4, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1992. 

For aqueous inks, the resins are water- or alkali-soluble or dispersible and the solvent is mosdy water containing sufficient alcohol (as much as 25%) to help solubilize the resin. To keep the alkah-soluble resin in solution, pH must be maintained at the correct level. Advances include the development of uv inks. These are high viscosity inks that require no drying but are photocurable by uv radiation. In these formulations, the solvent is replaced by monomers and photoinitiators that can be cross-linked by exposure to uv radiation. The advantage of this system is the complete elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as components of the system and better halftone print quaUty. Aqueous and uv inks are becoming more popular as environmental pressure to reduce VOC increases. 

In the United States, the reportable quantity of 1-propanol for spills under CERCLA "Superfund" is 100 Ib/d (45.4 kg/d). However, no reportable quantity is assigned for transport (43). The substance is on the list for atmospheric standards, as defined iu 40 CER 60.489 (47). The iatent of these standards is to require all newly constmcted, modified, and reconstmcted manufacturiug units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of volatile organic compounds (47). 1-Propanol is also on the right-to-know regulations of the states of Connecticut,... 

Solvent Recovery. Most of the activated carbon used in gas-phase applications is employed to prevent the release of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Much of this use has been in response to environmental regulations, but recovery and recycling of solvents from a range of industrial processes such as printing, coating, and extmsion of fibers also provides substantial economic benefits. 

J. Berry, "Control of Volatile Organic Compound (V OC) Emissions from Painting Operations ia the United States," Polymers Paint Colour J. 181(4281), (Apr. 17,1991). 

Many components of ships and marine stmctures are now coated in the shop under controlled conditions to reduce the amount of solvents released into the atmosphere, improve the quaUty of work, and reduce cost. Regulations designed to limit the release of volatile organic compounds into the air confine methods of shop apphcation to those having transfer efficiencies of 65%. Transfer efficiency is defined as the percent of the mass or volume of sohd coating that is actually deposited on the item being coated, and is calculated as... 

M. Kosusko and C. M. Nunez, "Destmction of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Catalytic Oxidationf JAWMA 40(2) (Feb. 1990). 

Method 25 applies to the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as nonmethane organics (TGNMO), reported as carbon. Organic particulate matter will interfere with the analysis, and, therefore, in some cases, an in-stack particulate filter will be required. The method requires an emission sample to be withdrawn at a con-... 

Cal, M. P., Rood, M. J. and Larson, S. M., Gas phase adsorption of volatile organic compounds and water vapor on activated carbon cloth. Energy Fuels, 1997, 11(2), 311 315. 

The UK Environment Agency deals with over 6000 oil pollution incidents each year. One estimate suggests tliat tlie cheiTtical industry contributes to 50% of all ah pollution witli proportions approximating to sulphur dioxide (36%), carbon dioxide (28%), nitrogen oxides (18%), carbon monoxide (14%) and black smoke (10%). Motor spirit refining is responsible for ca 26% of emissions of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. In 1996 there were over 20 000 reports of water pollution incidents with 155 successful prosecutions. 

EC Directive on the control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage... 

EC Directive on limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCsJ due to the use of... 

The issues in these evaluations are safety as related to toxicity and flammability, environmental impact as related to the generation of volatile organic compounds and global warming, product performance as related to insulating properties, conformity to fire codes, and the like, cost and availability, and regulatory requirements. 

The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air depends on the products handled at the plant. VOCs released may include acetaldehyde, acetone,... 

In addition to chemicals covered under TRI, many other chemicals are released. For example, the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has compiled air pollutant emission factors for determining the total air emissions of priority pollutants (e.g., VOCs, SO, NO, CO, particulates, etc.) from many refinery sources. The EPA Office of Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of concern within a particular industry. With the exception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI chemicals reported above. 

Applicable pollutants for this equipment are Particulate Matter (PM), including particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (/im) in aerodynamic diameter (PM,q), particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 /im in aerodynamic diameter (PMj,), and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that are in particulate form, such as most metals (mercury is the notable exception, as a significant portion of emissions are in the form of elemental vapor). Wet ESPs are often used to control acid mists and can provide incidental control of volatile organic compounds. 

At the Taylor Road landfill (originally intended for the disposal of municipal refuse only), unknown quantities of hazardous wastes from industrial and residential sources were deposited. During the period when the landfill was active, soil and groundwater samples collected at the site were found to contain concentrations of volatile organic compounds and metals above acceptable safe drinking water standards. Analysis of samples collected from private drinking water wells indicated that contamination... 

Clark, R. M. (1990). Unit process research for removing volatile organic chemicals from drinking water An overview. In Significance and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Supplies, (N. M. Ram, R. F. Christman, and K. P. Cantor, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, ML... 

Emission abatement methods covered are suitable for the emission control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs include organic compounds existing in the gaseous phase in air at 293.15 K. However, or ganic compounds, which are not regarded as VOCs, can be treated by the methods covered in this section. 

It is the determination of volatile organic compounds produced from natural products that requires separation techniques that allow isolation of stereoisomers. The most commonly determined groups are the terpene and sesquiterpene species present in essential oils, which are used as key indicators of biological factors such as the growth season, geographic location, climate, etc. These species are also released directly into the atmosphere by very many plants and trees, and make a substantial contribution to global biogeochemical cycles. 

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