Of tumour necrosis factor

D13. van Deuren, M., Kinetics of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors, interleukin 1 -beta and its receptor antagonist during serious infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13,12-16 (1994). 

Vassalli, P. (1992) The pathophysiology of tumour necrosis factor. Annual Review of Immunology 10, 411—452. 

Mohler, KM., Sleath, P.R., Fitzner, J.N., Cerretti, D.P., Alderson, M., Kerwar, S.S., Torrance, D.S., Otten-Evans, C., Greenstreet, T., Weerawarna, K. et al. (1994) Protection against a lethal dose of endotoxin by an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor processing. Nature 370, 218-220. 

IL-3 also has effects on mature cells. Those reported include the enhancement of the cytotoxicity of macrophages, stimulation of the proliferation of tissue-derived mast cells and (in the presence of endotoxin) the stimulation of the tumouricidal activity of monocytes, possibly via enhanced production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). However, there are no reported effects of IL-3 on mature neutrophil function. 

M. M. Ogilvie, R. A. Elton, and C. C. Blackwell. Infection with respiratory syncytial virus and water-soluble components of cigarette smoke alter production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by human blood... 

New applications of dioxolane-containing compounds include the use of 22 as a new perfume type <98MI21>, inhibition of tumour necrosis factor by 23 <99MIP16766> and compounds 24 as muscarinic acetylcholine antagonists <99M189>. 

Helson, L., Green, S., Carswell, E., and Old, L. J. (1975). Effect of tumour necrosis factor on cultured human melanoma cells. Nature (London) 258, 7 1-71)1. 

Nicholas R. S. J., Compston A., and Brown D. R. (2001). Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa)-induced NF-kB p52 converts the metabolic effects of microglial-derived TNFa on mouse cerebellar neurones to neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 76 1431-1438. 

Habtemariam, S. Natural inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-a production, secretion and function, Planta Med., 66, 303-313, 2000. 

Paleolog EM, Carew MA, Pearson JD. Effects of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 on von Willebrand factor secretion from human vascular endothelial cells. Int J Radiat... 

T. Knittel, L. Muller, B. Saile, and G. Ramadori, Effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on proliferation, activation and protein synthesis of rat hepatic stellate cells, J. Hepatol. 27 1067-1080 (1997). 

Nakamura A, Johns EJ, Imaizumi A, Abe T, Kohsaka T (1998) Regulation of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 gene transcription by beta2-adrenoceptor in the rat astrocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 88 144-153. 

Grove J, Daly AK, Bassendine ME, et al. Association of tumour necrosis factor promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1997 26 143-146. 

Two kinds of tumour necrosis factors exist TNF-a and -p. They are either membrane bound or soluble. TNF-a is identical with cachectin,2 . It is produced in monocytes and macrophages TNF-p is synthesized mainly in lymphocytes. Only TNF-a is processed and cleaved from a membrane-bound glycoprotein.2 The processed, mature human TNF-a is a 145-157-amino-acid peptide chain, depending on the cleavage site. The chains associate, forming a soluble trimer. 

Pentoxifylline Increasing levels of tumour necrosis factor are associated with an increase in the mortality rate in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis. (11) Recently, it was reported that pentoxifylline (an inhibitor of TNF) can improve short-term survival due to a decrease in the risk of developing the hepratorenal syndrome. Dosage was 3 X 400 mg oraUy/day... 

There are some experimental evidences that the control of iron ameliorates the outcome of a grave inflammatory process. For instance, in a model system of sepsis induced in mice by the injection of lethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the pre-treatment with desferal caused the reduction of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) serum levels and an increase in the rate of survival [ 17], Nonetheless there are very few studies in this area. 

Piguet, P.F., CoUart, M.A., Grau, G.E., Sappino, A.P. and VassaUi, P. (1990). Requirement of tumour necrosis factor for development of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nature. 344, 245-247. 

Schollmeier, K. (1990). Immunologic and pathophysiologic role of tumour necrosis factor. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 3, 11-12. 

Endotoxin is the lipid A component of LPS (see section 2.2.1). It possesses multiple biological properties including the ability to induce fever, initiate the complement and blood cascades, activate P lymphocytes and stimulate production of tumour necrosis factor. Endotoxin is generally released from lysed or damaged cells. Care must be taken to eliminate or exclude such heat-resistant material from parenteral products and their delivery systems through a process known as depyrogenation (Chapter 20). 

Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan Y-CE, et al. 1985. Identity of tumour necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin. Nature 316 552-54... 

Morimoto Y, Kido M, Tanaka I, et al. Synergistic effects or mineral fibers and cigarette smoke on the production of tumour necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of rats. Br JIndMed 1993 50(10) 955 60. 

Armstrong L, Jordan N, Millar A. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) regulation of tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-a) from human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes. Thorax 1996 51 143-9. 

Endres S, Whitaker RE, Ghorbani R, et al. Oral aspirin and ibuprofen increase cytokine-induced synthesis of IL-1 P and of tumour necrosis factor-a ex vivo. Immunology 1996 87 264-70. 

Trebble, T., Arden, N.K., Stroud, M.A., Wootton, S.A., Burdge, G.C., Miles, E.A., Ballinger, A.B., Thompson, R.L., and Calder, P.C. 2003a. Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 production by mononuclear cells following dietary fish-oil supplementation in healthy men and response to antioxidant co-supplementation. Br. J. Nutr. 90, 405-412. 

Extracts and isolated constituents of P. sidoides were investigated for their effects on nonspecific immune functions in various bioassays 98,107,127). Results imply indirect activity, possibly through activation of macrophage functions. Activation was confirmed through the presence of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and inorganic nitric oxides (iNOS). TNF-indncing potencies for EPs 7630 as well as interferon-like activities were also observed 128,129). Interferon (IFN)-beta prodnction increased and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity was enhanced in MG-63 hnman osteosarcoma cells pieincubated with Umckaloabo 130). 

Padyukov L, Lampa J, Heimburger M, Ernestam S, Cederholm T, Lundkvist I et al (2003) Genetic markers for the efficacy of tumour necrosis factor blocking therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62 526-529... 

H. Hauner, T. Petruschka, M. Russ, K. Rohrig, and J. Eckel, Effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) on glucose transport and lipid metabolism of newly-differentiated human fat cells in cell culture, Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 764-771. 

The possible involvement of CB2 receptors in inflammatory bowel disease has been hypothesised on the basis of recent in vitro studies indeed, cannabinoids exert an inhibitory effect on the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a-induced interleukin-release from a human colonic epithelial cell line HT-29, and this effect was reversed by the CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 (Ihenetu et al. 

North, R. J. and Havell, E. A. (1988) The antitumour function of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) II. Analysis of the role of endogenous TNF in endotoxin-induced hemorrhagic necrosis and regression of an established sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 167,1086-1099. 

Philpott, M., Baguley, B. C., and Ching, L.-M. (1995) Induction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by single and repeated doses of the antitumour agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-aceticacid. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 36,143-148. 

Jones EY, Stuart DI, Walker NP Structure of tumour necrosis factor. Nature 1989 338 225-228. 

The MHC class III region maps between the MHC class I and class II gene clusters and contains genes for tumour necrosis factor, heat shock protein 70, and some components of the complement system (for review, see Arnett Moulds, 1991). Many proteins coded by MHC class III genes may be involved in the development of autoimmunity. The importance of deficiencies in complement factors has been described in subsection 2) of section 4.1.2.1. The role of tumour necrosis factor gene polymorphisms is shown in section 4.1.2.2. 

Sorensen J Andersen LS (2005) The case of tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis a budget impact analysis. Pharmacoeconomics, 23 289-298. 

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