Macrophages secretion

Inflammation. Figure 1 Sequence of events in the recruitment of leukocytes in postcapillary venules adjacent to injured tissue. At the site of lesion, diverse reactive substances stimulate the endothelium to produce inflammatory cytokines, chemoattractants and other inflammatory mediators. The cytokine-activated endothelium expresses adhesion molecules that lead to the low affinity interactions between leukocytes and endothelium, which is mediated by selectins and described as rolling. Subsequently integrins mediate the firm adhesion of leukocytes, which allows emigration of the cells from venules into the interstitial compartment. Activated mast cells, PMNs and macrophages secrete cytokines (TNFa), lipid mediators (LTB4) and other inflammatory players (histamine, NO). 

In addition to these directly toxic agents, macrophages secrete several substances which increase the potency of their antipathogenic role ... 

Stuehr, D. J., Gross, S. S., Sakuma, L, Levi, R., and Nathan, C. F. (1989). Activated murine macrophages secrete a metabolite of arginine with the bioactivity of EDRF and the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1011-1020. 

We tested the effect of LPS in a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis (solid tumor) induced by PROb colon cancer cells in syngeneic BDEX rats. We showed that i.p. injections of LPS from E. coli can cure 20 % of the rats [157], Comparing the effect of LPS from different strains in this model, we found that the efficacy depends on the bacterial strain and on the structure of the lipid A used. Whatever the lipid A used, we have shown a correlation with in vitro macrophage secretion of IL-ip but not with NO, TNF-a or IL-6 [83],... 

Buetler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, et al. 1985. Identity of tumor necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin. Nature. 316 552-554. 

Chace,J.H., Hooker, N.A., Mildenstein, K.L., Krieg, A.M. and Cowdery,J.S. (1997) Bacterial DNA-induced NK cell IFN-gamma production is dependent on macrophage secretion of IL-12. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 84, 185-193. 

Macrophages appear to do more than simply bind and take up remnant particles. Cultured macrophages secrete lipoprotein lipase into the culture medium (C6, K12, M7, W3), and the consequent depletion of chylomicron triglyceride appears to accelerate the uptake of chylomicron remnants and the accumulation of eholesteryl esters by macrophages (010). Macrophages also can produce apoE (B17) perhaps this may be a mechanism for removing cholesterol from a cholesterol-loaded cell. 

Wliich of the following macrophage-secreted cytokines is NOT considered to be stimulators of NK cells ... 

The cellular sources for the polarized immune response in the CNS are astrocytes and microglia cells. Microglial cells, deriving fi omperipheral macrophages, secrete preferably type-1 cytokines such as IL-12, while astrocytes inhibit the production of IL-12 andICAM-1 and secrete the type-2 cytokine IL-10 (Xiao and Link, 1999 Alois etal., 1997). Therefore, the type-l/type-2 imbalance in the CNS seems to be represented... 

Ren, Y, and Savill, J.S. (1995). Increased macrophage secretion of thrombospondin is a mechanism by which cytokines potentiate phagocytosis of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. In Press. 

Macrophages secrete products which stimulate oth the proliferation of fibroblasts and their synthesis of collagen. 

Wolpe, S., Davatelis, G., Sherry, B., Beutler, B., Hesse, D., Nguyen, H., Moldower, L., Nathan, C., Lowry, S., and Cerami, A., Macrophages secrete a novel heparinbinding protein with inflammatory and neutrophil chemotactic properties, J. Exp. Med., 167, 570, 1988. 

Several recent studies of macrophage responses to Inflammatory stimuli and suppressants, in vivo and in vitro, have linked the effects of these agents to their ability to modulate the synthesis and secretion of PA by these cells. While normal, unactivated macrophages secrete barely detectable levels of PA, young, newly recruited macrophages from mice with experimentally indu gd inflammations produce and secrete as much as 10 times that amount. Furthermore, in vitro exposure of macrophages to conditioned medium from activated lymphoid cells, to Concanava-lin A, known to stimulate several functions in these cells, or to phorbol... 

The oxidant hypothesis of IHD suggests that increased oxidant stress inside the vessel (either as the result of activated monocytes and macrophages secreting superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, or because of a defective antioxidant defense system) leads to peroxidation of unsatu-... 

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