Glycosaminoglycans synthesis

Larsson, S. E. The metabolic heterogeneity of glycosaminoglycans of the different zones of the epiphyseal growth plate and the effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (EHDP) upon glycosaminoglycan synthesis in vivo. Calc. Tiss. Res. 21, 67 (1976)... 

S. S. Thomas, J. Plenkiewicz, E. R. Ison, M. Bols, W. Zou, W. A. Szarek, and R. Kisilevsky, Influence of monosaccharide derivatives on liver cell glycosaminoglycan synthesis 3-deoxy-D-xylo-hexose (3-deoxy-o-gaIactose) and methyl (methyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy- 3-D-galacto-pyranosid)uronate, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1272 37 (1995). 

Glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in culture, using fibroblasts from human skin,97,98 human normal and hypertrophic scar,99 and embryonic chick... 

Edward, M., Effects of retinoids on glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human skin fibroblasts grown as monolayers and within contracted collagen lattices, Br. J. Dermatol., 133, 223, 1995. 

Figure 5 Biosynthesis and structure of glycosaminoglycans. Synthesis u GlcAT-l. The repeating disaccharides of heparin/HS, CS, and DS are shown.

Anastassiades, T.P. and Wood, A. (1981). Efiect of soluble products from lectin-stimulated lymphocytes on the growth, adhesiveness and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of cultured synovial fibroblast cells. J. Clin. Invest. 68, 792-802. 

Glycosaminoglycan synthesis occurs in the Golgi, which contains enzymes that catalyze the sequential addition of uronate and aminoglycans. Serine hydroxyl groups in the... 

Myopia is a condition in which the eye is too long or the refractive power is too great to bring objects at a distance clearly into focus. Recent studies in animal models have shown that the development of and recovery from induced myopia is associated with visually guided changes in scleral glycosaminoglycan synthesis. 

Recently, part of the mechanism for eye growth in myopia has been determined. Induction of myopia leads to decreased glycosaminoglycan synthesis, increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and decreased amounts of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the fibrous sclera of both chicks and tree shrews (65,66), while transforming growth factor (TGF)-p-2 regulates the visual eye growth in the final steps (67). 

On the other hand, some molecules inhibit glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Pentoxifylline, an analogue of methylxanthine theobromine, inhibits the proliferation and biosynthetic activities of fibroblasts (81). Fibroblasts from the extraocular muscles of patients with thyroid eye disease and normal extraocular muscles were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of pentoxifylline. In these fibroblast cultures, exposure to pentoxifylline resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in all the fibroblasts. Therefore, pentoxifylline may be useful for the treatment of thyroid eye disease. In addition, treatment of fibroblasts with an IL-l-receptor antagonist or soluble IL-1 receptor significantly inhibited IL-l-stimulated glycosaminoglycan synthesis, indicating that such treatments may be useful for the prevention of thyroid eye disease (75). 

Gentle A, Truong HT, McBrien NA. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the separate layers of the chick sclera during myopic eye growth comparison with mammals. Curr Eye Res 2001 23 179-184. 

Chang CC, Chang TC, Kao SC, Kuo YF, Chien LF. Pentoxifylline inhibits the proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with Graves ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993 129 322-327. 

Cantor JO, Osman O, Cerreta JM, Mandl I, Turino GM. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in explants derived from bleomycin-treated fibrotic hamster lungs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1983 173 362-366. 

Roberts G. P. and Harding K. G. 1994. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cultured fibroblasts by hyperbaric oxygen. Br J Dermatol 131 630-633. 

Scott-Burden, T., Murray, E., and Gevers, W., 1983, Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by smooth muscle cells in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid, Hoppe-Seylefs Z. Physiol. Chem. 364 61-70. 

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