Observation of Performance

Discrete observation of employees performing ajob taskmay be an indicator of their knowledge of how to perform the job safely, their ability to perform the job properly, and the attitudes toward safety in general. If an employee is observed performing the job task in an unsafe manner, there are several things that need to be investigated. 

the extent of the person s knowledge about how to perform the job safely must be determined. A common mistake for supervisors and safety managers is that when they see an employee performing the job in an unsafe manner, they assume the employee knew how to do the job correctly but chose not to perform the job correctly. Education, reeducation, and counseling the employee on the correct way to perform the job task should always be part of the performance improvement process. 

Second, if it is determined that the employee knew how to perform the job safely but chose not to, other factors, such as motivators and the employee s attitudes toward working safely, should be explored. Although the employee knew how to perform the job in a safe manner, motivators maybe present which reinforce the unsafe behavior. 

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Often, the robotic process takes longer than the manual process however, significant savings and acceleration of the process is realized by overnight or around-the-clock operation. In these cases, the routine operations can be performed by the automated system, leaving the highly trained scientist to perform the more detailed aspects of the analysis that require experience and real-time decisions. Clearly, standard methods provide a necessary step toward the implementation of automated methods via their focus on routine process steps. The automated approach is implemented and validated by careful inspection and observation of performance. 

The next step is to gain agreement on performance concerns or issues. This requires that you listen with an open mind — make every effort to approach the situation without prejudging motives. Once the employee has had the opportunity to provide full disclosure, provide more detailed feedback from your observation of performance. Then discuss fhe sifuation xmtil you agree on fhe problem and fhe impacf if has on the organization and on others. 

Moses WW, Derenzo SE (1993). Empirical observation of performance degradation in positron emission tomographs utilizing block detectors. J Nucl Med 34 101P... 

Phenobarbital is an anticonvulsant in the barbiturate class with sedative and hypnotic effects [78]. In the past, combinations between barbiturates and analgesics were used because barbiturates tend to increase the action of these drags. Phenobarbital has also been co-administered with theophylline to partially offset the increased heart rate associated with the compound. A combination product containing theophylline, phenobarbital and ephedrine HCl is currently in use for the treatment of asthma, emphysema and bronchitis. Several years ago, variation in the performance of the brand name combination product Tedral, marketed by Parke-Davis Canada Inc., compared with generic versions were noted [81]. Over time, and possibly guided by a clinical observation of performance when co-administering a combination of theophylline and phenobarbital, it was... 

This article begins with a brief history. It then explains the principles of operation of this mass spectrometer. The idealized view of its operation has to be tempered by consideration of some real-world situations that influence performance, such as the finite length of the field, the inevitability of fringing fields and field imperfections. Observations of performance and its limitations are illustrated. The applications section deals with residual gas analysis, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS), collision induced dissociation using triple quadrupoles (MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) used for elemental analysis. 

Special demands are made to the laboratories that perform radiographic testing. They must observe sanitary norms and rules of radiation safety in their activities. Transportation of the equipment for implement works on site has to ensure observance of the requirements of the radiation safety. 

The classical microscopic description of molecular processes leads to a mathematical model in terms of Hamiltonian differential equations. In principle, the discretization of such systems permits a simulation of the dynamics. However, as will be worked out below in Section 2, both forward and backward numerical analysis restrict such simulations to only short time spans and to comparatively small discretization steps. Fortunately, most questions of chemical relevance just require the computation of averages of physical observables, of stable conformations or of conformational changes. The computation of averages is usually performed on a statistical physics basis. In the subsequent Section 3 we advocate a new computational approach on the basis of the mathematical theory of dynamical systems we directly solve a... 

Nevertheless, chemists have been planning their reactions for more than a century now, and each day they run hundreds of thousands of reactions with high degrees of selectivity and yield. The secret to success lies in the fact that chemists can build on a vast body of experience accumulated over more than a hundred years of performing millions of chemical reactions under carefully controlled conditions. Series of experiments were analyzed for the essential features determining the course of a reaction, and models were built to order the observations into a conceptual framework that could be used to make predictions by analogy. Furthermore, careful experiments were planned to analyze the individual steps of a reaction so as to elucidate its mechanism. 

The influence of transport process in two-phase reaction systems depends on flow conditions, which change with the size of the equipment. This is the reason for the historic observation that performance changes as processes are scaled up and therefore scale-up should be done in several steps, each limited to a small increase in size. This is a slow and expensive method and still does not guarantee optimum design. 

In contrast to many other surface analytical techniques, like e. g. scanning electron microscopy, AFM does not require vacuum. Therefore, it can be operated under ambient conditions which enables direct observation of processes at solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. The latter can be accomplished by means of a liquid cell which is schematically shown in Fig. 5.6. The cell is formed by the sample at the bottom, a glass cover - holding the cantilever - at the top, and a silicone o-ring seal between. Studies with such a liquid cell can also be performed under potential control which opens up valuable opportunities for electrochemistry [5.11, 5.12]. Moreover, imaging under liquids opens up the possibility to protect sensitive surfaces by in-situ preparation and imaging under an inert fluid [5.13]. 

Although physical studies of the electronic structure of surfaces have to be performed under UHV conditions to guarantee clean uncontaminated samples, the technique does not require vacuum for its operation. Thus, in-situ observation of processes at solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces is possible as well. This has been utilized, for instance, to directly observe corrosion and electrode processes with atomic resolution [5.2, 5.37]. 

Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Control (SOFLC) is an optimization strategy to create and modify the control rulebase for a FLC as a result of observed system performance. The SOFLC is particularly useful when the plant is subject to time-varying parameter changes and unknown disturbances. 

This is the simplest and least expensive method. The manager will sit down with the employee and diseuss the JHA. Only obvious hazards are identified in this initial session. These observations are based on the reeolleetions and observations of employees who have performed the job. This information is valuable beeause it relies on the experienee of employees elosely linked to the job. 

The following techniques can be used to collect data about human performance in CPI tasks and provide input to task analysis methods described in Section 4.3. These data can include process information critical for the task, control strategies used by the workers, diagnostic plans etc. A distinction can be made among data collection methods that provide qualitative data (such as interviews, observations, and sources of documentation) and methods that can be used to measure aspects of performance (such as activity analysis, simulations, and information withholding). The latter methods can provide more precise data which can be quantified. 

Discussions and interviews with the task experts can be supplemented with observations of their actual performance, for example, taking notes on certain aspects of the task or taking video or audio recordings. Observational techniques can reveal information that may be difficult to acquire in any other way. Detailed physical task performance data can be recorded, and major environmental influences (e.g., noise, light, interruptions) can all be faithfully represented. Observations can also provide an insight into the way that the team members communicate, allocate job responsibilities, and make use of operating procedures and other resources. 

The impact of the system design on human performance should be examined during this phase. The designer should consider whether or not the operator will be able to keep the system operating correctly under normal conditions and is he or she able to effectively handle unusual conditions, returning them to normal operating conditions. Observation of persormel and discussions with them are effective ways that should be employed in this phase. Where necessary, appropriate modifications should be made to the system to ensure proper performance. 

Most manufacturers do not specify the asymmetry factor. Therefore this parameter can serve only for the observation of the column performance during its use. For interpretation, see the remarks about discarding a column. 

The improved design of the gating interface resulted in precise alignment of the two capillaries. A colored dye solution was added to the HPLC eluent to allow for du cct observation of the flow gating and injection processes. Through observation of the movement of the dye through the interface, it was possible to ensure that the electrokinetic injections were performed correctly. Troubleshooting had been a... 

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