Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Fitzwater, S. E. et al. (1996). A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383, 495-501. 

Hansell, D. A., Bates, N. R. and Carlson, C. A. (1997). Predominance of vertical loss of carbon from surface waters of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 386,59-61. 

Martin, J. H. et al. (1994). Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371,123-129. 

Peltzer, E. T. and Hayward, N. A. (1996). Spatial and temporal variability of total organic carbon along 140 W in the equatorial Pacific Ocean in 1992. Deep-Sea Res. II43, 1155-1180. 

Marcantonio F, Anderson RF, Higgins S, Stute M, Schlosser P, Kubik PW (2001b) Sediment focusing in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Paleoceanography 16(3) 260-267 Marcantonio F, Kumar N, Stute M, Anderson RF, Seidl MA, Schlosser P, Mix A (1995) A comparative study of accumulation rates derived by He and Th isotope analysis of marine sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 133 549-555... 

Murray RW, Knowlton C, Leinen M, Mix AC, Polsky CH (2000) Export production and carbonate dissolution in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 1 Myr. Paleoceanography 15(6) 570-592... 

Mercury point sources and rates of particle scavenging are key factors in atmospheric transport rates to sites of methylation and subsequent entry into the marine food chain (Rolfhus and Fitzgerald 1995). Airborne soot particles transport mercury into the marine environment either as nuclei for raindrop formation or by direct deposition on water (Rawson etal. 1995). In early 1990, both dimethylmercury and monomethylmercury were found in the subthermocline waters of the equatorial Pacific Ocean the formation of these alkylmercury species in the low oxygen zone suggests that Hg2+ is the most likely substrate (Mason and Fitzgerald 1991 Figure 5.1). 

Parameters influencing the distribution of calcium carbonate with increasing water depth in equatorial Pacific sediment. Note that fi is reported as a percentage (%). Source From van Andel, Tj. H., et al. (1975). Cenozoic History and Paleoceanography of the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, p. 40. 

The vertical trends in POM fluxes exhibit temporal and geographic variability. This was shown in Figure 23.3, in which seasonal shifts in surface productivity were seen to affect the subsurface particle fluxes even in deep waters. Other processes that can affect the sinking flux of POM include (1) in situ production by mid-water microbes or zooplankton and (2) lateral transport of POM via advective currents. Both can produce mid-water maxima in the sinking organic matter fluxes. Geographic variability in these fluxes is common. As illustrated in Figure 23.6 for the central equatorial Pacific Ocean,... 

Relative primary productivity, POC fluxes at 105 and 3000 m, and POC sediment accumulation rates versus latitude in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Data are normalized to the maximum value in each transect. Survey 1 was conducted during February-March 1992 under El Nino conditions and Survey 2 from August to September 1992 under non-El Nino conditions at longitudes ranging from 135 to 140°W. Ordinate scale is reset to 1.0 at each maximum, and the absolute magnitude (mmolCm ij-i) of each parameter is given next to its maximum. Source-. From Flernes, P. J., et al. (2001). Deep-Sea Research I 48, 1999-2023. 

FarreU JW, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, Nielsen B (1995) Glacial-interglacial changes in nutrient utilization in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature 377 514-517 Ferry JM (1992) Regional metamorphism of the Waits River Formation delineation of a new type of giant hydrothermal system, J Petrol 33 45-94... 

Valero, F. P. J., W. D. Collins, P. Pilewskie, A. Bucholtz, and P. J. Flatau, Direct Radiometric Observations of the Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 275, 1773-1776 (1997b). 

HEATH (G.R.), 1969. Mineralogy of Cenezoic deep-sea sediments from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bull. Geol. Soc. Arne. JO, 1997-2018. 

Fig. 1. Regions where manganese nodules containing more than 1.8% nickel-copper occur in the northeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Numbers indicate average percent of nickel-copper in onc-dcgrcc squares. Areas a, b, and c indicate locations of activity carried out as part of Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Studies Program. (After McKelvey, U.S. Geological Surrey)...

Dordrecht, Y. Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Beyond, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Ml, 1995. Fitzgerald, W.F., Gill, G.A., and JP. Kim An Equatorial Pacific Ocean Source of Atmospheric Mercury," Science, 224, 597-599 (1984). 

Greenhut, G.K., and Bean, B.R., Aircraft measurements of boundary-layer turbulance over the central equatorial pacific ocean, Boundary Layer Meteorology, 20, 221-41, 1981. 

Coale, K. H., K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, S. Tanner, F. P. Chavez, L. Ferioli, C. Sakamoto, P. Rogers, F. Millero, P. Steinberg, P. Nightingale, D. Cooper, W. P. Cochlan, M. R. Landry, J. Constantinou, G. Rollwagen, A. Trasvina, and R. Kudela. 1996. A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383 495-501... 

Rue, E. L., and K. W. Bruland. 1997. The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 42 901—910. 

Kirchman, D. L., and J. H. Rich. 1997. Regulation of bacterial growth rates by dissolved organic carbon and temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Microbial Ecology 33 22-30. 

Virgin Islands North Atlantic Ocean North Equatorial Pacific Ocean... 

Cosca C.E. Feely R.A. Boutin J. Ercheto J. McPhaden M.J. Chavez F.P. and Strutton P.J. (2003). Seasonal and interannual C02 fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from fC02-SST relationships. J. Geophysical Research, 108, doi 10.1029/2000JC000677. 

The data from remote marine air are of particular interest because both the sulfur sources and the atmospheric oxidant fields should be fairly homogeneous. Andreae and Raemdonck (141 presented the first data showing the diurnal variations of DMS over the open ocean, from the equatorial Pacific ocean. They obtained a mean concentration of 128 ppt with a standard deviation of S3 ppt. By averaging the data into 4 hour intervals they showed a daytime minimum and nighttime maximum with a diurnal range of 90 to 149 ppt. Dividing the maximum by the minimum gives a factor of 1.65 diurnal variation for this data set. 

Kieber, R.J., Jiao, J., Kiene, R.P., and Bates, T.S. (1996) Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3715-3722. 

Cochlan WP (2001) The heterotrophic bacterial response during a mesoscale iron enrichment experiment (IronEx II) in the eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 46 428 135... 

---