Ruffed grouse

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus-, liver Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus-, San Diego Bay 1994 sediment vs. stomach contents 5.2 FW 3... 

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus Virginia, rural areas ... 

Kendall, R.J. and C.J. Driver. 1982. Lead poisoning in swans in Washington State. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 18 385-387. Kendall, R.J., G.W. Norman, and P.F. Scanlon. 1984. Lead concentrations in ruffed grouse collected from southwestern Virginia. Northwest Sci. 58 14-17. 

Waterfowl feeding in areas subjected to extensive nickel pollution — such as smelters and nickel-cadmium battery plants — are at special risk because waterfowl food plants in those areas contain 500 to 690 mg Ni/kg DW (Eastin and O Shea 1981). Dietary items of the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) near Sudbury, Ontario, had 32 to 95 mg Ni/kg DW, whereas nickel concentrations in grouse body tissues usually contain less than 10% of the dietary level. Nickel concentrations in aspen (Populus tremula) from the crop of ruffed grouse near Sudbury ranged from 62 mg/kg DW in May to 136 mg/kg DW in September (Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995), which shows the role of season in dietary nickel composition. 

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus Canada nickel-contaminated vs. reference areas May... 

Rose, G.A. and G.H. Parker. 1983. Metal content of body tissues, diet items, and dung of ruffed grouse near the copper-nickel smelters at Sudbury, Ontario. Canad. Jour. Zool. 61 505-511. 

Scanlon, P.F., R.G. Oderwald, T.J. Dietrick, and J.L. Coggin. 1980. Heavy metal concentrations in feathers of ruffed grouse shot by Virginia hunters. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 947-949. 

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus near uranium tailings discharge, Canada, Elliot Lake, 1987-88, Ra Bone vs. gut contents Liver vs. muscle... 

Clulow, F.V., T.P. Lim, N.K. Dave, and R. Avadhanula. 1992. Radium-226 levels and concentration ratios between water, vegetation, and tissues of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) from a watershed with uranium tailings near Elliot Lake, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 77 39-50. 

It has been suggested that metabolites resulting from detoxification of plant compounds such as ferulic acid, a detoxification by-product of coniferyl benzoate and analogous compounds, may interfere with reproduction. However, experiments have shown that coniferyl benzoate in the diet of Japanese quail [Coturnix coturnix) had no hormonal effects. Rather, costs of detoxication and reduced nutrient utilization deter wild birds such as ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbel-lus, from feeding (Jakubas etal, 1993). 

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Scales of flower buds Ruffed grouse Bonasa sp. Coniferyl benzoate Jakubas etal., 1989... 

Female flowers of dioecious trees are better defended than males. RuflFed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, prefer male flowers of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, in winter, and leaves of male specimens in summer (Svoboda and Gullion 1972). Ruffed grouse also feed more on male trees of balsam poplar (Bryant etal, 1991). 

Ruffed grouse, B. umhellus, feed on staminate flower buds and extended catkins of trembling aspen, P. tremuloides. In winter these birds select specific trees or clones. Analysis for alkaloids, tannins, and other phenolics showed that feeding preferences were not related to the levels of tannin or total phenolics in... 

Jakubas, W. J. and Gullion, G. W. (1990). Coniferyl benzoate in quaking aspen a ruffed grouse feeding deterrent. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16,1077-1087. 

Guglielmo, C. G., Karasov, W. H., and Jakubas, W. J., Nutritional costs of a plant secondary metabolite explain selective foraging by ruffed grouse, Ecology, 77, 1103, 1996. 

Squirrels, but also birds such as jays, bury acorns in the ground to cache them as winter food. By this behavior, they also disperse the acorns and start the germination process by exposing the acorns to soil moisture. Burying protects acorns from surface-feeding competitors such as deer, ruffed grouse, and turkeys. It also prevents other squirrels from pilfering the stores, provided the owner remembers where he had buried the seeds, and other squirrels are not attracted by the odor of the buried seeds. 

To gain an impression of the relative concentrations of total phenohcs in a number of common northeastern deciduous and coniferous trees, we will apply a ferric chloride solution to freshly cut twigs of trees and observe color reactions in vivo. The species chosen are known to be browsed to varying degrees by wildlife such as deer, porcupines, cottontails, beavers, voles, or ruffed grouse. 

Jakubas WL, Gullion, GW, Clausen TP (1989) Ruffed grouse feeding behavior and its relationship to secondary metabolites of quaking aspen flower buds. J Chem Ecol 15 1899-1918... 

Mute swan Ct/gnus olor Ruffed grouse Bomsa umbellus... 

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, 552, 691 Willow, Lagopus lagopus, 169,171... 

GROUSE (CANADA SPRUCE GROUSE PRAIRIE CHICKEN AND RUFFED GROUSE) ... 

This is an important game bird of the Northern Hemisphere. There are many species of grouse, all of which belong to the family, Tetraonidae. The ruffed grouse is genus Bonasa, species B. umbellus... 

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