Non-invasive

Non Invasive Optical and Digital Metrology of Rough Surfaces. 

However, it is expected that this situation will change, since a number of novel "non-invasive NDT techniques are now becoming available. With some of these techniques, the time required for a shutdown can be reduced. Other techniques make it possible to perform inspections whilst the installation is in full service. It is obvious that the availability of such techniques could support the knowledge already available on operational parameters and degradation mechanisms, in order to base shutdown intervals on actual plant condition. 

The project "Non-Invasive Inspection within an Asset Risk Management Strategy" is another joint industry project, funded by EC-THERMIE, representing the current trend towards onstream (non-invasive) inspection in combination with risk-based inspection philosophies to establish component condition. In this project, industry and authorities participate aiming at a beneficial use of today s NDT without sacrificing on safety. 

In plant maintenance, the availability of quantitative and non-invasive screening NDT methods will reduce the time needed for shutdowns and increase the intervals between them. Modem NDT methods will become just as important a tool for Risk Based Inspection approaches and maintenance planning as operational parameters and degradation mechanisms already are. 

Introduction of new technology for example non - invasive testing methods to extend the duration between, or reduce the time taken for, invasive inspections in pressure systems. 

Circular dicliroism has been a useful servant to tire biophysical chemist since it allows tire non-invasive detennination of secondary stmcture (a-helices and P-sheets) in dissolved biopolymers. Due to tire dissymmetry of tliese stmctures (containing chiral centres) tliey are biaxial and show circular birefringence. Circular dicliroism is tlie Kramers-Kronig transfonnation of tlie resulting optical rotatory dispersion. The spectral window useful for distinguishing between a-helices and so on lies in tlie region 200-250 nm and hence is masked by certain salts. The metliod as usually applied is only semi-quantitative, since tlie measured optical rotations also depend on tlie exact amino acid sequence. 

Non-invasive visualization and analysis of metabolism in laboratory animals individual body level ... 

The results obtained show, that absolute meanings of elemental concentrations in the nails of each human are individual. The change of the elemental content with time in nails of a donor is individually dominated. These data allow drawing a conclusion, that the application of nails in non-invasive diagnostic is correct. 

The refractive index of a film or a substrate material can be measured with a sensitivity better than 5 x 10, the best available for non-invasive optical measurement methods, especially for thin films. The extinction coefficient can be measured with almost the same sensitivity, which corresponds to a lower limit of 10-100 cm for the absorption coefficient of the material. 

The number of measurable layers of a stack is limited only by the optical contrast between the different layers. In practice stacks of ten layers and more can be analyzed by ellipsometry. Further advantages of ellipsometry compared with other metrological methods are the non-invasive and non-destructive character of the optical method, the low energy entry into the sample, the direct measurement of the dielectric function of materials, and the possibility of making the measurement in any kind of optical transparent environment. 

Seismic studies are very useful when information is lacking on subsurface stratigraphy, or when the depth to bedrock, the water table, a particular bed or formation, or some other layer in the subsurface must be determined without drilling. Seismic lines can be set up to produce stratigraphic cross sections and they can be a very useful "non-invasive" inves-... 

In addition to regulatory requirements, the practical matters associated with maintaining product and personnel flow to and from operating facilities must be addressed. For example, it may be difficult to remove a rail spur for remediation of a contaminated bed, if the only means to deliver a feedstock into the facility or ship a product from the facility is this rail line. In-situ flushing or some other form of non-invasive treatment would be required to address such a problem. Similarly, jjersonnel access may have to be addressed in the planning for a corrective measures program. This is especially true in older or... 

Considerable corrosion monitoring is carried out utilising invasive methods, i.e. where the corrosion sensor is required to penetrate the pipe or vessel wall. Avoidance of penetration using non-invasive methods (thin layer activation, ultrasonics, radiography and magnetic fingerprinting) is receiving considerable developmental attention. 

A number of industrial applications have been described including successful subsea installation . Double layer activation has been used in the laboratory for estimation of both shape and growth of pits in stainless steel. Advantages of TLA are that (a) the concept is easily understood, (b) interpretation is relatively easy and (c) the system installation can be non-invasive. 

Ultrasound and X-ray equipment are examples of diagnostic medical devices. In-vitro medical devices are distinguished from other diagnostic medical devices, in that a specimen must first of all be removed from the donor. A device worn by a diabetic that continually monitors their glucose via a non-invasive method (near-infra-red energy emissions) would be just regulated as a medical device, whereas a glucosemonitoring device that used a lancet to obtain a blood sample would be an IVD. 

All non-invasive devices are in Class I, unless one of the rules set out hereinafter applies. 

All non-invasive devices intended for channelling or storing blood, body liquids or tissues, liquids or gases for the purpose of eventual infusion, administration or introduction into the body are in Class lla ... 

All non-invasive devices which come into contact with injured skin ... 

Regulatory Strategy for Medical Devices in the US 177 NON INVASIVE DEVICES... 

Figure 9.8 Decision chart for classification of non invasive devices (from MEDDEV Guide 2.4).

Diagnostic devices that are non-invasive, do not require significantly risky sampling procedures and do not introduce energy (e.g. X-rays, ultrasound) into the subject. The study results may not be relied on for diagnosis. 

This is an acute, non-invasive infectious disease associated with the upper respiratory tract (Chapter 4). The incubation period is fiom 2 to 5 days although the disease remains communicable for up to 4 weeks. A low molecular weight toxin is produced which affects myocardium, nervous and adrenal tissues. Death results in 3-5% of infected children. Diphtheria immunization protects by stimulating the production of an antitoxin. This antitoxin will protect against the disease but not against infection of the respiratory... 

Ultrasound Carotid non-invasive studies and transcranial Doppler... 

STAHL w, HEINRICH u, JUNGMANN H, TRONNIER H and SIES H (2000) Carotenoids in hiunan skin non-invasive measurement and identification of dermal carotenoids and carotenoid esters. Methods Enzymol 319 494-502. 

In the traditional balance method, the apparent absorption of a carotenoid or any other pigment is determined by the difference between its intake (inpnt) and its excretion (ontpnt). This techniqne requires carefnl measurements of all inpnt and ontpnt of the compound of interest. The approach has the advantage of being non-invasive and thns able to be used directly on hnman subjects. 

Determination of appropriate measuring and analysis methods. Decisions must be made on the selection of appropriate and available measuring and or analytical equipment and tools. The characteristics of the methods must be discussed in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity of the methods, and locations of measuring and/or sampling (off-line, at-line, on-line, in-line, non-invasive). 

The recent development and application of methodologies sensitive at the single cell wall level has shown that traditional bulk analytical techniques average out important intrinsic heterogeneity in sampled populations. By exploring the diversity of cell walls using novel cryopreservation techniques for electron microscopy and non-invasive... 

Multidimensional Fluorescence Imaging for Non-Invasive Tracking of Cell Responses 623... 

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