Non-invasive imaging

Schwerte, T., Uberbacher, D., and Pelster, B., Non-invasive imaging of blood cell concentration and blood distribution in zebrafish Danio rerio incubated in hypoxic condition in vivo, /. Exp. Biol, 206, 1299-1307, 2003. 

Bao A, Goins B, Klipper R, Negrete G, Phillips WT. Direct Tc labeling of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) for pharmacokinetic and non-invasive imaging studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004 308 419. 

Methods to assess tumor hypoxia can be classified as in vivo (invasive—polar-ographic measurements/non-invasive—imaging) and ex vivo (invasive—biopsy)... 

A similar methodology has been extended by Keren et al. to non-invasive imaging of the mouse, using SERS nanoparticles that had accumulated in the liver [33]. An example is shown in Fig. 5.5. This group also demonstrated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, which have an intense Raman band at 1, 593 cm-1, can be functionalized and used for non-invasive imaging. 

Andrews J, Al Nahhas A, Pennell DJ et al. (2004) Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis and management of Takayasu s arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63 995-1000... 

Therefore, non-invasive imaging is required at least as an initial screening tool. In many centers, decisions about endarterectomy are now based solely on non-invasive imaging. 

Chappell F, Wardlaw J, Best JKK et al (2006). Non-invasive imaging compared with intraarterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis a metaanalysis. Lancet 376 1503-1512... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance lies at the heart of both NMR spectroscopy (biomolecule identification/characterization) and MRI (non-invasive imaging). 

The study of cerebrovascular disease has advanced markedly in recent years with advances in non-invasive imaging methods such as MR angiography and CT angiography as well as an improved understanding of the immune system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease is a common cause of strokes and shows a predilection for sites such as the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries and the aortic arch and the major intracranial arteries such as the basilar artery and the middle cerebral arteries. Occlusive atherosclerotic vascular disease of these large extracranial arteries is responsible for as many as 20-30% of ischemic strokes and intracranial steno-occlusive disease causes around 5-10% of ischemic strokes. 

Refinements also include the enhanced use of non-invasive imaging technologies that allow earlier detection of tumors, organ deterioration, or metabolic changes and the subsequent early euthanasia of test animals. 

The usefulness of invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques and their correlations with ECGinIHD ... 

Non-invasive imaging techniques, especially SPECT, are very useful in detecting perfusion defects during exercise test. 

Non-invasive imaging can be used to study the dosage form after administration in man or animals. The amount of radioactivity administered in such studies is at such a low level that no known hazards exist for study subjects. Several factors of relevance for the function of the formulation can thus be monitored directly in vivo. Potential study variables are given below ... 

Groot-Wassink, T, Aboagye, E.O., Wang, Y., Lemoine, N.R., Keith, W. N., and Vassaux, G. Non-invasive imaging of the transcriptional activities of human telomerase promoter fragments in mice. Cancer Res., 64 4906-4911, 2004. 

Imaging of myocardial apoptosis As mentioned above, cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a pathologic feature of heart failure. A characteristic feature of apoptosis is the exter-nahzation of phosphatidylserine phosphoh-pids [135] - a lipid that, under normal conditions, is present in only the inner layer of the cell membrane. Radiolabeled aruiex-in V, an intracellular phospholipid-binding protein, was used clinically in patients with acute myocardial infarction for the non-invasive imaging of apoptosis [136]. Moreover, the use of NIR fluorochrome-tagged annexin V has also been described [137]. 

Changes in fracture transport characteristics that result from the removal or redistribution of mineral mass within a fracture may be constrained by calculating the evolution of permeability with the concurrent loss or redistribution of mineral mass. Mass loss is unambiguously recorded by the effluent flux, but redistribution may only be discerned by imaging. Independent measurements of fluid and mineral flux, concurrent with non-invasive imaging, are used to constrain the processes controlling mass redistribution within the fracture. 

Non-invasive imaging may be used to further constrain the role of asperity dissolution in mediating changes in fracture apertures. Imaging gives a reliable estimation of the aperture, and at sufficiently high resolution, may discriminate... 

MacLaren D C, Gambhir S S, Satyamnrthy N, et al. (1999). Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals. Gene Ther. 6 785-791. 

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