Non-invasive system

Introduction of new technology for example non - invasive testing methods to extend the duration between, or reduce the time taken for, invasive inspections in pressure systems. 

A number of industrial applications have been described including successful subsea installation . Double layer activation has been used in the laboratory for estimation of both shape and growth of pits in stainless steel. Advantages of TLA are that (a) the concept is easily understood, (b) interpretation is relatively easy and (c) the system installation can be non-invasive. 

Washington, N., Moss, H. A., Washington, C., Wilson, C. G., Non-invasive detection of gastro-oesophageal reflux using an ambulatory system, Gut 1993, 34, 1482-1486. 

Since the early 1970s, coordination chemistry and photochemistry have combined to allow development of a wide range of responsive metal complexes. These allow non-invasive monitoring of metal ion concentrations. Time-resolved measurements are particularly powerful, since they allow detection of very small amounts of substrate and have optimal signal-to-noise ratios. Nonetheless, much remains to be done using the tools which these early studies have provided, particularly with reference to the development of effective sensor systems for a range of ions by time-resolved techniques. 

The ideal glucose monitoring system should be non invasive, should allow continuous or frequent monitoring over long periods without the need to replace the changeable parts (strip, transdermal patch, etc.), should interfere minimally with daily life, and, last but not least, should be low in cost. 

Similar to its predecessors of the Emrys series, the operation limits for the Initiator system are 60-250 °C at a maximum pressure of 20 bar. Temperature control is achieved in the same way by means of an IR sensor perpendicular to the sample position. Thus, the temperature is measured on the outer surface of the reaction vessels, and no internal temperature measurement is available. Pressure measurement is accomplished by a non-invasive sensor integrated into the cavity lid, which measures the deformation of the Teflon seal of the vessels. Efficient cooling is accomplished by means of a pressurized air supply at a rate of approximately 60 L min-1, which enables cooling from 250 °C to 40 °C within one minute. 

Short-term non-invasive biomarkers for processes producing long-term lung damage-evaluation of the feasibility of candidate measurement systems. Toxicokinetic models have been developed to determine whether breath analysis of pentane and ethane can be used to estimate chronic lung damage from toxicants. 

M. Miwa, Y. Ueda, and B. Chance. Development of time-resolved spectroscopy system for quantitative non-invasive tissue measurement. SPIE, 2389 142-149, 1995. 

A non-invasive infrared (IK) method has been developed for the measurement of temperatures of small moving fuel droplets in combustion chambers. 7111 The IR system is composed of two coupled off-axis parabolic mirrors and a MCT LWIR detector. The system was used to measure the temperature variations in a chain of monosized droplets generated with equal spacing and diameter (200 pm), moving at a velocity of >5 m/s and evaporating in ambient air. The system was also evaluated for droplet temperature measurements in flames under combustion conditions. 

Murphy, D.J., Joran, M.E., and Grando, J.C., A non-invasive method for distinguishing central from peripheral nervous system effects of respiratory depressant drugs in conscious rats, General Pharmacol., 26, 569-575,1995. 

Hunter, D., Schofield,J., Grade, K., Moors, J., Philp, K., Carter, P., Prior, H., Valentin, J.P., and Hammond, T.G., Use of a non-invasive telemetry system (EMKA) for functional cardiovascular endpoints in toxicology studies, /. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 49, 234, 2004. 

Compared to other biomolecular systems, lipid bilayer membranes and lyotropic lipid mesophases in general have been shown to respond most sensitively to hydrostatic pressure. The methods used in the high pressure studies have mainly included X-ray and neutron diffraction, fluorescence, IR and Raman spectroscopy, light transmission and volumetric measurements. Only a small amount of work has been performed using NMR techniques combined with high-pressure, a field which was pioneered by Jonas and co-workers " although the method is very powerful, non-invasive and allows the study of a series of structural and dynamic properties of the systems in detail and with atomic resolution. 

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