Anisotropy properties

This automatic velocity measurement method (AUTO-V) has also been suecessfijlly applied to other materials sueh as non-ferrous metals and even eeramics and plasties. The only requirement for this type of sequential velocity and thickness measurement is a certain isotropy of the material materials having anisotropie properties will lead to incorrect thickness readings due to the velocity difference in the two orthogonal directions. 

Any extended part of a linear polymer molecule exhibits a strong anisotropy of many properties since its atoms and atomic groups are oriented and the macromolecule is actually a one-dimensional crystal . The parallel packing of these parts during the formation of a uniaxially oriented polymer substance imparts the anisotropie properties of a single molecule to the whole polymeric material. 

Excited-State Absorption and Anisotropy Properties of Fluorene Derivatives... 

Anisotropy properties of the molecular fluorescence under two-photon excitation reflect the nature of 2PA processes and may provide additional information on the electronic structure of the molecules, including the peculiarities of the 2PA mechanism. In general, the measurements of two-photon fluorescence anisotropy are more sensitive than at one-photon excitation due to a broader range of anisotropy values [13] that in some cases provide extra advantages for practical applications of2PA [65]. 

The Mueller-Jones matrix provides a complete description of the anisotropy properties of an object [9,10]. However, the information in the matrix is in implicit form. The history of the problem of analysis of the Jones and Mueller-Jones matrix goes back to the derivation of three equivalence theorems by Hurwitz and Jones [17]. According to the first theorem, an optical system (object) composed of any number of retardation plates (that is an object with linear phase anisotropy) and rotators (circular phase anisotropy) is optically equivalent to a system containing only two elements a retardation plate, and a rotator. The second theorem is analogous to the first and but is concerned with partial polarizers (linear amplitude anisotropy) and rotators. The third theorem claims that an optical system composed of any number of partial polarizers, retardation plates, and rotators is optically equivalent to a system containing only four elements two retardation plates, a partial polarizer, and rotator. 

Because of the dielectric anisotropy property of LCs, the LC molecules can align either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field, theoretically, according to their values of dielectric anisotropy [44]. However, under certain conditions, the uniform director reorientation in an a-c electric field is unfavorable the domain structure corresponding to a minimum free energy is formed. The domain patterns can be classified into two main types orientational domains with pure director rotation without fluid motion and the electrohydrodynamic domains caused by the combined effects of the periodic director reorientation and regular vortices of material moving [44]. This kind of movement of LC materials is called hydrodynamic flow, mainly resulting from the effects of conductivity anisotropy of LC molecules and ionic electric current. 

The low temperature dependence of the specific heat is apparently described by a power law behaviour Q T" with n between 2 and 3 (Hilscher and Michor, 1999). Thermal conductivity Kxx (Boaknin et al., 2001) clearly exhibits T-linear behaviour for T < Tc suggesting the presence of nodal lines or second order node points as introduced below which would be compatible with n = 2 for the specific heat. Furthermore the investigation of field (and field-angle) dependence of Cs (T, H) and Kij T, H) (/, j =x,y,z) is a powerful method to obtain information on the quasiparticle spectrum and hence on the anisotropy properties of the gap function (sect. 2). In a conventional superconductor with isotropic gap the quasiparticles at low temperature are confined to the vortex core where they form closely spaced bound states with an energy difference much smaller than kT. Therefore, they can be taken as a... 

In section 3, the applications of ordinary holography and polarization holography of fulgide film were studied, which were respectively based on the photochromic and photo-induced anisotropy properties. The properties of holographic recording such as diffraction efficiency, spatial resolution and optimal exposure were measured. 

Spectra of photochromic and photo-induced anisotropy properties of the sampie... 

Articulated cartilage (AC) displays nonlinear, viscoelastic, and strain rate-dependent properties, in addition to the anisotropy properties. These strain-rate properties... 

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