Non-ferrous metal production

About 60 percent of the sulfuric acid in turn is used for agricultural purposes, mainly in phosphoric acid production, and intermediate in fertilizer manufacture. Another important use of sulfuric acid is in petroleum refining. Chemical uses, including plastics, paper and paint, account for 8 percent of sulfur production, sulfuric acid again being a major outlet. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production consumes 8 percent and miscellaneous uses add up to 18 percent. 

The emission inventory of dioxin-like compounds in South Korea was determined during two preliminary studies (KMOE, 2001, 2002a). For emission factors, the preliminary study (KMOE, 2001) adopted measured values for waste incinerators and the values of UNEP chemicals Toolkit (UNEP Chemicals, 2001) for the other sources. Estimated PCDDs/DFs emission in 1999 ranged from 1163 to 1595 g I-TEQ yr-1 due to uncertainties in emission factors and activities (Table 2.6). Besides the preliminary estimate, since the late 1990s extensive measurements of PCDDs/ DFs have been performed at waste incinerators and the emission data by 2004 had been compiled for 1800 incinerators. Moreover, nationwide industrial sources have been investigated every year since 2001 34 fer-rous/non-ferrous metal production factories in 2001, 114 non-ferrous metal and mineral production factories in 2002, 73 chemical/energy/ landfill factories and crematories in 2003, and 63 municipal wastewater treatment plants and 9 types of vehicles in 2004. By 2005, measurements of total dioxin emissions had been made on 288 industrial sources. Based on these measurements, KMOE made the first official estimate of PCDDs/DFs emission in South Korea. It has been estimated that the total PCDDs/DFs emission was 1021 g I-TEQ yr-1 in 2001 (KMOE website) (Table 2.6). This emission was approximately 62% of that... 

Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production Iron ore sintering -... 

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production, 46.1% (Aluminium Secondary Production, 46.1%)... 

Lead is present at high concentration in emissions from oil combustion, iron and steel production, primary non-ferrous metal production and waste incineration (13). Often complications of identifying sources by their isotopic composition arise when the emission are mixtures of Pb from different primary origins with different isotopic compositions. The importance of Pb as an isotopic tracer was demonstrated by Chow and Johnstone (14) more than three decades ago when they showed that petrol was the major source of pollution in the Los Angeles Basin. It has also been used since, but not extensively. Mating et al. (15) used it to trace polluted air masses through western Europe, while Sturges and Barrie (16) followed pollution across the Canada-USA border. Hopper et al. (17) successfully... 

According to the 1992 inventory of heavy metal emissions in the Slovak Republic, stationary sources played a significant role in lead emissions. Steel and iron production (Kosice, Podbrezova) emitted the largest amounts of lead to the atmosphere (43%). The power sector (coal combustion) and non-ferrous metal production were also significant contributors (17 and 7%, respectively). Traffic was the second largest source of lead emissions in 1992, after iron and steel production, representing about... 

Cadmium deposited from the atmosphere onto soil can come from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources (Alloway and Steinnes, 1999 McArthur, 2001). It is estimated that volcanoes, the dominant natural source of atmospheric Cd, emit 520 mg of Cd into the atmosphere aimually. The dominant anthropogenic source of emission of Cd into the atmosphere is primary non-ferrous metal production, which accounts for an estimated 4721 mg of Cd emitted into the atmosphere annually. The amount of Cd emitted into the atmosphere from all anthropogenic sources is estimated to be about one order of magnitude greater than that emitted from all natural sources. 

Fossil fuel combustion Vehicle emissions Non-ferrous metal production Iron and steel production Cement production Waste disposal Total emissions (1995) Emissions (1983) ... 

These techniques are applied in other industrial sectors, such as steel and non-ferrous metal production and waste incineration. Judging on a technical basis, they may be transposed to foundry furnace types that show a risk of dioxin formation cupola, rotary and electric arc furnaces melting iron and steel (Section 3.8.2). For new and existing installations primary dioxin reduction measmes, such as efficient combustion, furnace design modifications and scrap quality control have to be taken into consideration on a case-by-case basis, before turning to secondary measures. 

Dioxin monitoring and abatement In order to allow the full implementation of primary measures for dioxin prevention, there is a need for a better understanding of the contribution of the process parameters to the formation of dioxins. This requires the monitoring of dioxin emissions for various installations and under varying conditions. Additionally, there is a need for research on the use and effectiveness of secondary measures in the foundry industry. Secondary measures (e.g. additive injection, catalytic filter bags) have been implemented in other sectors (e.g. steel, waste incineration, non-ferrous metals production), but there is very little experience of their performance and of possible operational problems which may occur in applying then in foundries... 

In the last decade, the business environment for non-ferrous metals production in Japan experienced severe conditions. The Yen became stronger against the dollar very rapidly and the tariff for metals became lower step by step. These factors caused a fall in the domestic zinc price (Figure 1). In addition, domestic demand of zinc stayed below 800,000 t/y as shown in Figure 2. 

Installations vary from smelter to smelter depending on the technology used for the non-ferrous metal production. 

Table 5.1 Lead emissions in the US in 1975 from primary non-ferrous metals production [ 1 ].

The relative mobility of Cd and its inherent toxicity to organisms make it a heavy metal of concern and motivate the scientific community to understand its sources and fate in the environment. Humans have dramatically altered the biogeochemical cycle of Cd in the environment by mobilizing massive quantities of Cd in the biosphere. This mobilization occurs primarily through non-ferrous metal production and the burning of fossil fuels. As a consequence, material (both in the dissolved and particulate phase) in the atmosphere, as well as in rainwater, soils, sediments, and aquatic environments is significantly enriched in Cd relative to its average concentration in the continental cmst. 

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