Stock nomenclature

The Stock Oxidation-Number System. Stock sought to correct many nomenclature difficulties by introducing Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate the state(s) of oxidation, eg, titanium(II) chloride for TiCl2, iron(II) oxide for FeO, titanium(III) chloride for TiCl, iron(III) oxide for Fe203, titanium(IV) chloride for TiCl, and iron(II,III) oxide for Fe O. In this system, only the termination -ate is used for anions, followed by Roman numerals in parentheses. Examples are potassium manganate(IV) for K2Mn02, potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) for K PtCl, and sodium hexacyanoferrate(III) for Na3Fe(CN)3. Thus a set of prefixes and terminations becomes uimecessary. 

The vocabulary in this edition contains an estimated total of 59,000 terms, some of the larger additions being in the fields of chemical technology, electronics, and warfare. Additional meanings are given for many terms that were listed in the earher editions, The latest decisions in nomenclature are followed in particular, the Stock valence names for inorganic compounds are freely given, as well as the older names. 

In chemical nomenclature, the oxidation number is sometimes called the Stock number for the German chemist Alfred Stock, who devised this numbering system. Oxidation numbers are discussed in more detail in Sections K and 2.9. 

Stock system the nomenclature system using oxidation numbers to differentiate between compounds or ions of a given element. 

Many transition metals and the group of six elements centered around lead on the periodic table commonly have more than one valence. The valence of these metals in a compound must be known before the compound can be named. Modern nomenclature rules indicate the valence of one of these metals with a Roman numeral suffix (Stock notation). Older nomenclature rules used different suffixes to indicate the charge. Examples ... 

Additive nomenclature1 is based on the combination of element names or roots of element names and/or ligand names. The simplest and oldest additive nomenclature is binary nomenclature that expresses two components, e.g. sodium chloride. The cationic or electropositive portion of the compound expressed in a binary name is the element name unchanged or a group name ending in -ium , and the anionic or electronegative portion of a compound expressed in the name ends in -ide, -ite or -ate. The proportions of cations and anions in neutral compounds are indicated by Stock numbers or simple or multiplicative prefixes (see Section 3.3.2). Additive nomenclature denotes composition. For examples see Table 1. 

Bright stock - PETROLEUM - NOMENCLATURE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY] (Vol 18) - [SULFONATION AND SULFATION] (Vol 23)... 

The Stock Oxidation-Number System. Stock sought to correct many nomenclature difficulties by introducing Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate the s(ate(s) of oxidation. 

Genetic nomenclature rules often ignored. No listings of stock characteristics. 

Stirring device, for use under reduced pressure, 3 40, 41 Stock system of nomenclature,... 

This Roman numeral method is known as the Stock system. An older nomenclature used the suffix -ous for the lower charge and -ic for the higher charge and is still used occasionally. 

PURPOSE AND RATIONALE Solubility assays are gaining growing attention in drug discovery, because many pharmaceutically active compounds can be adjusted to in vivo testing merely with co-solvents. Furthermore, in vitro assays may also lead to false results, simply for precipitation of a compound in the assay media. Solubility assays vary in one main point they are either performed from solids or stock solutions. A nomenclature has been established in the literature which tries to distinguish between these methods. Determinations from stock solutions are often called kinetic solubility whereas thermodynamic solubility stands for solubility of solids (Kerns). Thermodynamic solubility takes the crystal lattice forces into account. Batch to batch variations, polymorphism... 

The nomenclature used herein is intended to conform to the system proposed by Sauer, J. Ckem. Education 21,303 (1944). The term silane was first used by Stock, Ber. 49,108 (1916), and has the advantage of brevity over Kipping s sili-cane, Proc. Chem. Soc. 28, 243 (1912). 

Naming ions of metals that form ions of more than one charge requires distinguishing between the possibilities. For example, iron forms Fe and Fe ions. We cannot call both of these iron ion because no one would know which of the two we meant. For monatomic cations of variable type, the charge in the form of a Roman numeral is attached to the element s name to indicate which ion we are talking about. For example, Fe is called iron(II) ion and Fe is called iron(lll) ion. This system of nomenclature is called the Stock system. 

Stock system (6.2, 16.2) The nomenclature system for inorganic compounds in which the oxidation state (or charge for a monatomic cation) is represented as a Roman numeral in the name of the compound, stoichiometry (10.1) The determination of how much a reactant can produce or how much of a product can be produced from a given quantity of another substance in a reaction. 

In Chap. 6 we placed Roman numerals at the ends of names of metals to distinguish the charges on monatomic cations. It is really the oxidation number that is in parentheses. This nomenclature system is called the Stock system. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge. For other cations, again the oxidation number is used in the name. For example, Hg2 + is named mercury(I) ion. Its charge is 24- the oxidation number of each atom is 4-1. Oxidation numbers are also used for other cations, such as dioxovanadium(V) ion, V02". The prefix 0x0- stands for oxygen. Oxidation numbers can be used with nonmetal-nonmetal compounds, as in sulfur(VI) oxide for SO3, but the older system using prefixes (Table 6-2) is still used more often. 

This set of rules was based upon a report drawn up by H. Remy (32) on behalf of the German Chemical Society and in collaboration with some of its members of whom A. Stock was the most active. The portion of the rules devoted to coordination compounds amounts to little more than half a page of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. In essence, the rules endorsed the nomenclature practices introduced by Werner with the substitution of Stock numbers to indicate valence in place of the cumbersome vowel suffixes of Werner. The amount of page space devoted to coordination compounds in the rules is no indication of the influence of the rules upon practice in the naming of coordination compounds. In a few years, systematic names had almost completely displaced unsystematic names which had been firmly established. 

From an international point of view, however, the Stock nomenclature suffers from the serious drawback that it is more national in character than the older nomenclature. This may be substantiated by giving the names of FeS04 in different languages according to the older nomenclature and the Stock system ... 

Accordingly, the failure of the Stock system is that it uses the national names of the elements and, in spoken language, the national numerals. In written language, the numerals will be designated by Roman figures, but even then the Stock nomenclature is much more national than the one hitherto used. The joint Scandinavian (Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish) nomenclature committee wrote on this matter to the International Union of Chemistry ... 

We find this objection so significant that we question the advisability of recommending the Stock nomenclature without radical alteration of it. At any rate we find it objectionable that the international rules mention Stock s system as the only one allowed for indicating the electrochemical valency. 

Usually it is no particular problem to discover whether or not a stock room has a given compound on the shelves when there are only a few hundred chemicals listed, no matter what nomenclature is used. If necessary, one can afford to inspect every item individually just to make sure. On the other hand, when the stock room has, let us say, 10,000 chemicals on its shelves it is no longer feasible to search through every item except in case of dire necessity. Unless the nomenclature used in such a stock room is well understood by everyone concerned, considerable time may be spent in searching for the compound, and even then the patron may become discouraged prematurely. 

As a general rule, the number of people using a stock room increases roughly with the number of items available. So the possibilities of wasting time because of nomenclature problems increase markedly with the number of compounds on the shelves. 

This is true even when the stock room and the users are within the same department and there is an opportunity for the users to become familiar with the stock room setup. The problem is, of course, aggravated when people make requests from other departments by phone. In order to give satisfactory service from a stock room of this type, it is necessaiy to do at least one of three things use a single standard name for each compound, have a very large cross reference file, or have someone available who is familiar enough with nomenclature to translate the names back and forth on demand. 

Stock system. See chemical nomenclature. Stoddard solvent. 

Many metals (usually transition metals) may form cations of more than one charge. In this case, a Roman numeral in parenthesis after the name of the element is used to indicate the ion s charge in a particular compound. This Roman numeral method is known as the Stock system. An older nomenclature used the suffix -ous for the lower charge and -ic for the higher charge and is still used occasionally. 

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