Suffixes roman numerals

If the complex has an overall negative charge (an anionic complex), the suffix -ate is added to the stem of the metal s name. If the symbol of the metal originates from a Latin name (as listed in Appendix 2D), then the Latin stem is used. For example, the symbol for iron is Fe, from the Latin ferrum. Therefore, any anionic complex of iron ends with -ferrate followed by the oxidation number of the metal in Roman numerals ... 

Structures in which the linking glycosidic oxygen is replaced by -CH2- may be named by use of the replacement prefix carba- (c/. 2-Carb-34.2) for emphasis of homomorphic relationships. The oxygen replaced is given the locant of the carbon atom to which it is attached in the residue with the lower roman numeral (cited as superscript) (cf 2-Carb-37.2), with suffix a1. 

Many transition metals and the group of six elements centered around lead on the periodic table commonly have more than one valence. The valence of these metals in a compound must be known before the compound can be named. Modern nomenclature rules indicate the valence of one of these metals with a Roman numeral suffix (Stock notation). Older nomenclature rules used different suffixes to indicate the charge. Examples ... 

The Roman numeral suffix is part of the name of the metal. Thus iron(III) is one word. Stock notation should be used for all metals that have a variable valence. This includes almost all the transition elements and the elements immediately around lead on the periodic table. Stock notation is often omitted for Zn, Cd, and Ag, as they do not have variable valence. The valences of some common metals and acids are listed in Appendix C. 

The thing about transition metals is that the same transition metal can form cations with different charges. Differently charged metal cations need different names so chemists don t get any more confused than they already are. These days, you indicate these differences by using Roman numerals within parentheses to denote the positive charge of the metal ion. However, an older method adds the suffix -ous or -ic to indicate the cation with the smaller or larger charge, respectively. For example ... 

Metal cations team up with nonmetal anions to form ionic compounds. What s more, the ratio of cations to anions within each formula unit depends on the charge assumed by the fickle transition metal. The formula unit as a whole must be electrically neutral. The rules you follow to name an ionic compound must accommodate the whims of transition metals. The system of Roman numerals or suffixes applies in such situations ... 

This Roman numeral method is known as the Stock system. An older nomenclature used the suffix -ous for the lower charge and -ic for the higher charge and is still used occasionally. 

The rules specifically stated by Werner covered Rules 1, 3, and 7 directly and Rules 2 and 4 by implication. Practices introduced by Werner covered Rules 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 16 to at least some extent. The lUPAC Commission in its 1940 report covered Rules 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 19, 20, 21). The practice covered by Rule 7 marked the only significant departure from Werner s proposals. In place of the vowel suffixes of Werner, the charge on the central atom (ion) was designated by a Roman numeral (Stock system). 

The advantage of the lUPAC system is that if you know the formula you can write the exact and unambiguous name if you are given the name you can write the formula at once. An older method, still in use but not recommended by the lUPAC, uses -ous and -ic suffixes to indicate lower and higher oxidation numbers, respectively. This system can distinguish between only two different oxidation numbers for a metal. It is therefore not as useful as the Roman numeral system. 

Nearly all binary molecular compormds involve two nonmetals bonded together. Although many nonmetals can exhibit different oxidation numbers, their oxidation numbers are not properly indicated by Roman numerals or suffixes. Instead, elemental proportions in binary covalent compounds are indicated by using a prefix system for both elements. The Greek and Latin prefixes for one through ten are mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, and deca. The prefix mono- is omitted for both elements except in the common name for CO, carbon monoxide. We use the minimum number of prefixes needed to name a compound unambiguously. The final a in a prefix is omitted when the nonmetal stem begins with the letter o we write heptoxide, not heptaoxide. ... 

Many metals (usually transition metals) may form cations of more than one charge. In this case, a Roman numeral in parenthesis after the name of the element is used to indicate the ion s charge in a particular compound. This Roman numeral method is known as the Stock system. An older nomenclature used the suffix -ous for the lower charge and -ic for the higher charge and is still used occasionally. 

The names of the elementary cations are simply the names of the elements, e.g. Ca calcium ion. The names of the monatomic anions are derived from the names of the elements by replacing the last (or last two) syllable(s) of the element names by the suffix -ide, e.g. chloride, oxide. When two cations exist for the same element, the accepted convention is to write the charge per atom in Roman numerals within parentheses after the name of the metal. (There is still some remnant of the older mode of differentiating the two states by use of the suffix -ous for the lower of the two charge states and -ic for the higher.)... 

In the Stock system (systematic name), a Roman numeral indicates the magnitude of the cation s charge. In the older common nomenclature system, the suffix -ous indicates the lower ionic charge, and the suffix -ic indicates the higher ionic charge. Consider the examples in Table 4.1. 

Chemical formulas describe the simplest atom ratio (empirical formula), actual atom number (molecular formula), and atom arrangement (structural formula) of one unit of a compound. An ionic compound is named with cation first and anion second. For metals that can form more than one ion, the charge is shown with a Roman numeral. Oxoanions have suffixes, and sometimes prefixes, attached to the element root name to indicate the number of oxygen atoms. Names of hydrates give the number of associated water molecules with a numerical prefix. Acid names are based on anion names. Covalent compounds have the first word of the name for the element that is leftmost or lower down in the periodic table, and prefixes show the number of each atom. The molecular (or formula) mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses in the formula. Molecules are depicted by various types of formulas and models. 

According to hematologists, several reactions between soluble proteins in blood or plasma lead to the formation of fibrin in the so-called blood coagulation sequence. The blood coagulation factors, designated by Roman numerals according to an International Nomenclature Committee, are tabulated along with their synonyms in Table 1. The suffix a indicates factors... 

If the complex is an anion, its name ends in -ate. In KilFefCNIeJ, for example, the anion [FeCCNle] is called hexacyanoferrate(II) ion. Note that the Roman numeral indicating the oxidation state of the raexsl follows the suffix -ate. Table 22.5 lists the names of anions containing metal atoms. 

When the number of anions is not listed, coordinations of the cation are indicated in a variety of ways with little standardization. The most common ways are using a number in square brackets superscripted and prefixed or suffixed (i.e., for SiO ) or by using Roman numerals variably presented in lowercase or uppercase, prefixed or suffixed, and superscripted or subscripted (e.g., " Si or Si ). These different methods will be used freely in order to familiarize the reader with what he may find in the literature. 

Since we are not using the ous-ic suffixes with the Stock system, the names of the ions are just the names of the elements themselves plus a Roman numeral ... 

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