Nitrification inhibitors

S. P. Landels, M. M. Smart,. Bakker, and. Shimosato, "Controlled Release Fertilisers and Nitrification Inhibitors," Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., 1989. 

Figure 7 The production and emission of NO during denitrification in agricultural soil treated with NO3 fertilizer (KNO3) and the nitrification inhibitor Dyciandiamide (10%) under aerobic (air) and anerobic conditions (N,). Fluxes are means from three soil columns, error bars represent standard deviations from the mean. V = vertical flow through the column H = Horizontal flow over the soil surface.

D. M. Crawford and P. M. Chalk, Mineralization and immobilization of soil and fertilizer nitrogen with nitrification inhibitors and solvents. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24 559 (1992). 

Zaman M, Blennerhassett JD. Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2010 136 236-246. 

Uses Not commercially produced in the United States. Nitrification inhibitor in ammonium fertilizers. 

The total consumption of 2-methylpyridine (a-picoline) in 1980 has been estimated at 12,000 tons [81CI(L)23]. Half is produced for the U.S. market, whereas the demand in both Western Europe and Japan lies between 2000 and 2500 tons per annum. A significant outlet for 2-methylpyridine is in the production of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyri-dine, which is used as a nitrification inhibitor in agricultural chemistry and in the manufacture of the defoliant 4-amino-2,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid. The major commercial outlet for 2-methylpyridine is, however, its use as a starting material for the production of 2-vinylpyridine [Eq.(7)]. 

Furthermore, the detection of nitrification inhibitor compounds is possible in wastewater. The principle of detection of nitrification inhibition is shown in Fig. 3. When starting such investigations, the sensor is first exposed to a surplus of substrate (ammonium or urea). The basic current becomes stable at a low... 

Performing investigations with several pure substances which are known to act as nitrification inhibitors as well as investigations with polluted environmental samples demonstrated the suitability of the biosensor to detect nitrification inhibition (see Table 8). 

Svenson, A., Sanden, B., Dalhammar, G., Remberger, M. and Kaj, L. (2000) Toxicity identification and evaluation of nitrification inhibitors in wastewaters, Environmental Toxicology 15 (5), 527-532. 

Chemical Name 5-ethoxy-3-(trichloromethyl)-l,2,4-thiadiazole ethyl 3-trichloromethyl-l,2,4-thiadiazolyl ether Uses as fungicide for control of Phytophthora and Pythium spp. in cotton, ornamentals, vegetables, groundnuts, cucurbits, tomatoes, and other crops also used as a nitrification inhibitor in maize, cotton and wheat. 

Nitrification Inhibitors. Nitrogen fertilizers in the ammonium form are immobilized by sorption on clay particles and hence are resistant to leaching. However, the ammonium form is converted to the nitrate form under aerobic conditions by microbiological processes known as nitrification. The rate of conversion depends on the temperature below 10°C it is very slow, but at 20°C and higher it is rapid. The nitrate form is more readily available to most plants although some plants (e.g., rice) can readily use the ammonium form. Thus, some of the purposes of controlled release (resistance to leaching, pre-... 

Numerous organic chemicals have been identified as nitrification inhibitors. The inhibition is due to the toxicity of these chemicals to organisms that convert ammonium nitrogen to nitrite, which is the first step of the nitrification process. 

One of the nitrification inhibitors that has received attention in the United States is 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine which is promoted under the name N-Serve. The minimum concentration of N-Serve in the soil for delaying nitrification at least 6 weeks is said to range from 0.5 to 10 ppm. 

The N-serve literature points out that a nitrification inhibitor is helpful only when conditions favor high nitrogen loss from the soil. Such conditions are heavy rainfall or heavy irrigation, coarse-textured soil, and soil in the pH range where nitrification readily occurs. Nitrate thus formed will leach down into anaerobic soil layers. 

Another nitrification inhibitor that has received much attention in Japan is 2-ami no-4-chloro-6-methyl pyrimidine. It is manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. (formerly Toyo Koatsu Industries, Inc.) under the trade name AM. Other nitrification inhibitors that have been used in Japan in compound fertilizers are sulfathiazole, dicyandiamide, thiourea, N-2, 5-dichorphenyl succinamide, 4-amino-l, 2, 4-triazole hydrochloride, and guanylthiourea.50... 

Many in situ soil and groundwater Fenton remediation processes have been commercialized, including the treatment of gasoline, waste oil, per-chloroethylene, chlorophenols, explosives and munitions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nitrification inhibitors. 

Caffrey, J. M., and Miller, L. G. (1995). A comparison of two nitrification inhibitors used to measure nitrification rates in estuarine sediments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 17, 213-219. 

Jones, R. D., and Morita, R. Y. (1984). Effect of several nitrification inhibitors on carbon monoxide and methane oxidation by ammonium oxidizers. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 30, 1276-1279. 

Matsuba D, Takazaki H, Sato Y, Takahashi R, Tokuyama T, Wakabayashi K (2003) Susceptibility of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to nitrification inhibitors. Z Naturforsch 58c 282-287 Matsubara H, Smith EL (1963) Human heart cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 238 2732-2753 Matsumoto N, Nakasono S, Ohmura N, Saiki H (1999) Extension of logarithmic growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by potential controlled electrochemical reduction of Fe(III). Biotechnol Bioeng 64 716-721... 

The evolution of the BOD value is typically the one in Fig. 3, showing two plateaus. The first one, occurring between 3 and 6 days, corresponds to the carbonaceous degradation, and the second one, slower to appear, to the nitrification phenomenon. As the first step concerns only organic pollution characterisation, a nitrification inhibitor (allylthiourea) can be added to the flask. 

Nitrapyrin (7), 2-chloro-6-trichloromethylpyridine, is actually a nitrification inhibitor, slowing down the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen into nitrate. It has a selective bactericidal effect against Nitrosomonas spp. (Goring, 1%2). However, it has been observed that nitrapyrin reduces the stem rot of maize and cereals. In... 

Using a K -fixing (and NH4 -fixing) soil to which a nitrification inhibitor had been added, Bartlett and Simpson (1967) observed that when K was first added, later additions of NH4 had almost no effect on the availability of the where NH4 was added first and K later, the availability of the K was increased and where the two iofis were added simultaneously the availabihty of the K was at least as high as where NH4 was added before K. ... 

A nitrification inhibitor that is fully effective would be expected to (1) increase efficiency in the use of nitrogen fertilizers, especially on coarse-textured soils where rainfall is high, or extensive irrigation is practiced (2) make more feasible the practice of fall applications of ammonia (3) make less critical the time of nitrogen fertilizer applications and the need for split applications and (4) reduce nitrogen losses that may occur via nitrite decomposition or reaction with organic matter. Whether the benefits to be expected are sufficient to more than offset the costs of the chemical, and the additional steps involved in its use, is a practical matter that must be determined by the user for his particular soil and cropping system. 

Inhibition of nitrification by amending soils with nitrapyrin (N-Serve or nitrification inhibitor) greatly rednced nitrous oxide emissions (Table 8.8). 

Nematiddes and misceUaneons (e.g. plant growth regulators, nitrification inhibitors)... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of Cl", SOx, and NOx Uses Soil fungicide nitrification inhibitor Manuf./Distrib. Supelco http //www.slgma-aldrlch.com Etrimfos CAS 38260-54-7... 

Nitrogen nitriding of steel Aluminum nitride Ammonia nitrification inhibitor Etridiazole... 

Hauck, R.D. (1980). Mode of action of nitrification inhibitors. In Nitrification inhibitors-potential and limitations, J.J. Meisinger, (Ed.), 19-32, American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, USA... 

Mateju, V. Cizinska, S. Krejei, J. Janoch, T. (1992). Biological water denitrification. A review. Enzyme Microbial Technology, Vol.l4, pp. 170-183 McCarty, G. W. (1999). Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors. Biology and Fertility of Sods, Vol.29, No.l, pp. 1-9... 

Takahashi, I. Ohki, S. Murakami, M. Takagi, S. Stato, Y. Vonk, J. W. Wakabayashi, K (1997). Mode of action and QSAR studies of nitrification inhibitors effect of trichloromethyl-l,3,5-triazines on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Jourrud cf Pesticide Science, Vol.22, No.l, pp. 27-32... 

---