Conversion dependence

The accuracy of the conversion depends on the smoothness of the D 86 curve. Errors affect essentially the points in the low % distilled ranges. Average error is on the order of 5°C for conversion of a smooth curve. 

For a chemically controlled process, conversion depends only on the residence time and not on which phase is dispersed, whereas the interfacial area and, consequently, the rate or mass transfer will change when the relative volumes of the phases are changed. If a reaction is known to occur in a particular phase, and the conversion is... 

Constancy of composition The validity of these arbitrary conversions depends on the constancy of the ratios of the various dissolved salts. It is a remarkable and important fact that, except where there is gross dilution or contamination, the relative proportions of the major constituents of sea water are practically constant all over the world. 

There are some reports that values of kp are conversion dependent and that the value decreases at high conversion due to kp becoming limited by the rate of diffusion of monomer. While conversion dependence of kp at extremely high conversions is known, some data that indicate this may need to be reinterpreted, as the conversion dependence of the initiator efficiency was not recognized (Sections 3.3.1.1.3,3.3.2.1.3 and 5.2.1.4). 

Lewis acids 436 metal complex-mediated radical polymerization 484-6 molecular weight distributions 251,453-4, 458-60,490-1.499-501 molecular weight conversion dependence 452-3,455... 

Minimizing the cycle time in filament wound composites can be critical to the economic success of the process. The process parameters that influence the cycle time are winding speed, molding temperature and polymer formulation. To optimize the process, a finite element analysis (FEA) was used to characterize the effect of each process parameter on the cycle time. The FEA simultaneously solved equations of mass and energy which were coupled through the temperature and conversion dependent reaction rate. The rate expression accounting for polymer cure rate was derived from a mechanistic kinetic model. 

Hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate in the presence of cinchonidine. In our previous studies [3, 4,14] variety of experimental data were obtained, which could not be explained by existing models [1,2] proposed earlier. These results are as follows [3,4,12] (i) the monotonic increase type behaviour of the optical yield - conversion dependencies, (ii) the complexity of the reaction kinetics, (iii) side reactions catalyzed by CD. It was also demonstrated that the enantio-differentiation can be induced if the modifier is injected into the reactor during racemic hydrogenation. 

Upon injection of CD into the reactor during racemic hydrogenation the rate acceleration was always instantaneous, while the optical yield vs conversion dependencies showed a monotonic increase type behaviour as seen in Figure 7. In acetic acid the increase part of the above dependence is so fast that it hardly can be followed by our sampling technique. At low concentration of modifier the optical yield passes through a maximum In this case the... 

Figure 7. Typical optical yield - conversion dependencies. [CD]o, M O - 6.8 x 10" ...

Two kinetic experiments with different CD concentrations were used for kinetic modeling. In this simulation all of the rate constants not involved in the hydrogenation step were not altered. The calculated and simulated kinetic curves and optical yield-conversion dependencies are shown in Figure 9a and 9b. The results of kinetic modeling indicates that the whole kinetic curve and the optical yield - conversion dependencies can be well described by a kinetic model derived from the shielding effect model. 

GL 18] [R 6a] ]P 17] About 100% selectivity was achieved for the hydrogenation of p-nitrotoluene [17], with conversions of 58-98%. The conversion for the electro-deposited catalyst was 58%, whereas the impregnated catalyst gave a 58-98% conversion, depending on the process conditions (see Table 5.1). 

Dose 1 5 mg/kg per day (1 g) and 1 0 mg/kg in persons older than 50 years of age (750 mg). Usual dose 750-1 000 mg administered intramuscularly or intravenously, given as a single dose 5-7 days/week, and reduced to two or three times per week after the first 2 4 months or after culture conversion, depending on the efficacy of the other drugs in the regimen. 

Figure 1A shows the conversion-ee dependencies in the enantioselective hydrogenation of 2,3-butanedione (BD). As shown that the introduction of quinuclidine (Q), as an AT A, significantly increased the ee values in the whole conversion range. Upon Q addition, first order rate constant k3 increased from 0.0102 to 0.0158 while k2 remained almost unchanged (0.0008 and 0.0005, respectively). After 4 hours reaction time, measurable amount of butanediols was found. The yields of butanediols were as follows in the absence of quinuclidine R,R=2.0%, S,S=1.7%, R,S=5.4%, in its presence R,R=2.3% S,S=1.2% R,S=3.7%. Figure IB shows the ee-conversion dependencies... 

The kinetics of reaction, as described by die rate law thus, the fractional conversion depends on the order of reaction. 

If both reactions are first order (a = j8 = 1), then micromixing is irrelevant yield, selectivity, and fractional conversion depend solely on the RTD. If, however, either a or /3 is not equal to 1, then the degree of micromixing can have a significant impact upon performance, as illustrated in the following example. 

The pyrolysis temperature and the rate of addition are chosen such that about 50% of the acid chloride is recovered as 2-toluic acid after hydrolysis. Under these conditions only a small amount of benzyl chloride and polymeric material is formed in addition to benzocyclobutenone. The percentage of reactant conversion depends not only on the pyrolysis temperature, but also on the pressure in the reactor and on the rate of reactant addition. It is advisable, therefore, to optimize the pyrolysis temperature in trial runs keeping the other variables constant. 

The steric course of such conversions depends upon several factors, in particular ... 

Figure 16.8 Comparison of feed and product catalysts, (b) the formation of different composition from light cycle oil hydrocracking distributions of substituted single-rings showing (a) essentially complete conversion depending on catalyst composition. Catalysts of feed two-ring compounds on four different 1—4 differ in metal and acid function.

Figure 4. Phenol conversion, and o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol selectivity dependence on catalyst composition and reaction temperature with a feed composition of MeOH PhOH = 5 1, at time on stream = 3h. Note that 2,6-xylenol selectivity increases with phenol conversion, and at the expense of o-cresol with all catalyst compositions, indicating the first order conversion dependence and the sequential methylation, respectively.

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