Steels and aluminum

Ma.rine. In the presence of an electrolyte, eg, seawater, aluminum and steel form a galvanic cell and corrosion takes place at the interface. Because the aluminum superstmcture is bolted to the steel bulkhead in a lap joint, crevice corrosion is masked and may remain uimoticed until replacement is required. By using transition-joint strips cut from explosion-welded clads, the corrosion problem can be eliminated. Because the transition is metaHurgicaHy bonded, there is no crevice in which the electrolyte can act and galvanic action caimot take place. Steel corrosion is confined to external surfaces where it can be detected easily and corrected by simple wire bmshing and painting. 

Flexible Metal Hose Deeply corrugated thin brass, bronze, Monel, aluminum, and steel tubes are covered with flexible braided-wire jackets to form flexible metal hose. Both tube and braid are brazed or welded to pipe-thread, union, or flanged ends. Failures are often the result of corrosion of the braided-wire jacket or of a poor... 

Lower weight reduced use of raw materials such as aluminum and steel. 

H) W. Fickett W.W. Wood, The Physics of Fluids 1 (6), 528-34 (Nov-Dec 1958) (Detonation-product equations of state, known as "constant-/ and "constant-)/ , obtained from hydrodynamic data) I) J.J. Erpenbeck D.G. Miller, IEC 51, 329-31 (March 1959) (Semiempirical vapor pressure relation based on Dieterici s equation of state J) K.A. Kobe P.S. Murti, IEC 51, 332 (March 1959) (Ideal critical volumes for generalized correlations) (Application to the Macleod equation of state) Kj) S. Katz et al, jApplPhys 10, 568-76(April 1959) (Hugoniot equation of state of aluminum and steel) K2) S.J. Jacobs, jAmRocketSoc 30, 151(1960) (Review of semi-empirical equations of state)... 

A very important use for rutile yellow is in coil coating of aluminum and steel, especially in the building industry, but also for containers, vehicles, and machinery. 

Graphite anodes [ELECTROCHEMICALPROCESSING - INORGANIC] (Vol9) for aluminum and steel mfg (METAL ANODES] (Vol 16) for EMD [MANGANESE COMPOUNDS] (Vol 15)... 

Many different silane coupling agents are available for improving the adhesion between polymers and metals or fillers and fibers [1]. Although organofunctional silanes have been reported to be very effective in such adhesion applications, the exact mechanism by which they function has not been determined conclusively in certain cases. Several techniques have been used to characterize silane films formed on various substrates, such as glass, aluminum, and steel. Some of these methods are XPS [2, 3], FUR [4], IETS [5, 6], NMR [7], and Raman spectroscopy [8]. 

The use of radioactivated discs of aluminum and steel to estimate fragment erosion in solid targets at very high velocities was found to be feasible. Activation of discs was accomplished by slow neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor at a flux of 8 x 1012 neutrons per cm2 per sec for 3 days for the aluminum discs (4g, 2.5cm diam x 0.3cm thick), and for 4 hrs for the steel discs (5g, 2.5cm diam x 0.15cm thick). Gamma-ray spectrometry indicated the presence of 59Fe (half-life 46 days) and 51Cr (half-life 28 days) in ratios 0.5 for aluminum and 1.3 for steel. The radioactivities in the aluminum arose solely from impurities, whereas in the steel they were contributed by the major component, iron, and only supplemented by the chromium impurity. The radioactivity was found by successive acid soln determinations to be distributed evenly in both metals... 

The previous paragraph assumes that the ethanol will be dry (containing no water) and contain only very small amounts of contaminants such as chloride and sulfate ions that would greatly increase the corrosivity of ethanol. Ethanol produced for fuel purposes in the past has contained up to 5 volume percent water and ion concentrations that made it much more corrosive than pure ethanol [3.7]. For an ethanol fuel with these corrosion characteristics, it was found that aluminum and steel could be coated with cadmium, hard chromium, nickel, or anodized aluminum to make them compatible. Coatings such as zinc, lead, and phosphate were found to be inadequate to prevent corrosion [3.7]. 

Materials such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and Teflon emit few or no electrons when disturbed. Meanwhile, fresh surfaces of such metals as aluminum and steel produce a large number of emitted electrons (Connely Rabinowicz 1983). This emission occurs when plastic deformation, abrasion, or fatigue cracking disturbs a material s surface. Electron emission from freshly formed surface reaches a maximum immediately and then decays with time. Emission has been observed for both metals and metal oxides. There is strong evidence that the existence of oxides is necessary. The exoelectron emission occurs from a clean, stain-free metallic surface upon adsorption of oxygen (Ferrante 1977). 

The most commonly used pipe materials may be classified into four categories based on the mechanical erosion modes metals such as copper, aluminum, and steel ceramics... 

Primary metallurgical manufacturing industries viz., zinc, lead, copper, aluminum, and steel... 

Carbon products ranging from conventional materials, such as electrodes for the aluminum and steel industries, to new high-technological applications, such as biomedical implants... 

The DFS differs from the MPF in that it is equipped to process drained rockets, mortars, mines, and explosive components from projectiles. This processing leaves behind fiberglass ash and metal debris (aluminum and steel). The ash and debris are collected in bins, allowed to cool, and sampled and analyzed to verify that they are agent free. Once this determination has been made, the wastes are consolidated into larger roll-off bins. The ash and debris are transported to a hazardous waste landfill. 

Lead chromate pigments are mainly used as corrosion inhibitive pigments. These pigments are of low opacity and can be combined with higher opacity pigments for use in primers. Zinc chromate, also an anti-corrosion pigment, is used in metal pretreatments such as wash primer, which also promotes adhesion to aluminum and steel. 

Table 1.2 Thermoplastic thermal properties are compared to aluminum and steel... 

Examples of major plastic families Thermoplastic thermal properties are compared to aluminum and steel General properties of thermoplastic General properties of thermoset plastic General properties of reinforced thermoplastic General properties of reinforced thermoset plastic Examples of drying different plastics (courtesy of Spirex Corp.)... 

The three metals commonly used in pharmaceutical packaging are tin, aluminum, and steel. Because of its susceptibility to oxidation and corrosion, steel must be galvanized or coated by an epoxy before use, so its application is primarily reserved for drums of bulk material where very high strength is required. Metals can also be formed into pressure cylinders for the containment of gaseous product. ... 

Petroleum coke is a by-product of refining. It can be obtained in two forms, as thermal or green coke which is used as low ash fuel, and in a calcined form which is used in the aluminum and steel industries as well as in the nuclear industry. 

Harlow, D. G., and Wei, R. P., Probability Modeling and Material Microstructure Applied to Corrosion and Fatigue of Aluminum and Steel AUoys, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 76, 5 (2009), 695-708. 

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