Fertilizers, compound

Plants consume nitrogen compounds present in the soil, and if growth is to continue, these compounds must be replenished, as by the addition of fertilizers. Until relatively recently, the fertilizer used for thi purpose consisted chiefly of animal wastes. Now chemists have learned to convert atmospheric nitrogen into fertilizer compounds by artificial methods. 

The digested wastes contain approximately 20% organic material together with the fertilizer compounds N, P and K. The levels of bacteria are also high with similar levels to undigested wastes. The bacteria can produce odours and cause bacterial contamination by coliforms and streptocci etc. 

Develop and install sensors for fertilizer compounds in order to restrict the use of fertilizers in the root zone, with no leftovers to be washed into the groundwater system or to accumulate above it. 

Diffuse Sources Pollution that comes from a wide range of sources, not from a single source, is said to come from a diffuse source. (See Figure 9.7.) A heavy downpour can cause run-off from farm fields to enter rivers and lakes. This run-off often carries undesirable pollutants, including fecal matter, pesticides, and fertilizer compounds, such as nitrates and phosphates. 

Lehr, J.R., Brown, E.H., Frazier, A.W., Smith, J.P. and Thrasher, R.D., 1967. Crystallographic Properties of Fertilizer Compounds. Chemical Engineering Bulletin 6, Tennessee Valley Authority, 166 pp. 

Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing nitrogenous fertilizer materials or mixed fertilizers from nitrogenous materials produced in the same establishment. Included are ammonia fertilizer compounds and anhydrous ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and nitrogen solutions, urea, and natural organic fertilizers (except compost) and mixtures. 

The majority of commercial nitrogen fertilizers are produced from ammonia, which accounts for 95% of the production. Ammonia can be used directly in either gaseous or aqueous form or indirectly by reacting it to produce other compounds (Table 3.14). Routes for making ammonia into fertilizers are shown in Figure 3.7 [4]. The major fertilizer compounds are ammonia, am-... 

CoNRADSEN A (2002) Phosphate Fertilizers, Compound fertilizers by the Nitro Route In Ullmanris Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th completely revised edition, Vol. 26 pp. 109—116. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co KGaA. 

Some plant fertilizer compounds are (NH4)2S04, Ca3(P04)2, K2O, P2O5, and KCI. Which of these compounds contain both ionic and covalent bonds ... 

Table 5.2 OTHER PROPERTIES OF ANTI-FERTILITY COMPOUNDS... 

In the earlier operations, the spent wash from both ethanol and butanol fermentations was evaporated to between 40 and 45% solids and then incinerated in a purpose-developed, spray dryer-cum-incinerator in which the organic matter supported its own combustion, on much the same principle as a black liquor furnace, yielding an ash with about 35% K2O content, which was sold to the fertilizer compounders. Then it was found that a better return could be obtained by separating the two different types of spent wash from the ethanol and the butanol fermentations. The butanol fermentation residues contained vitamins of the B group, so this material, after concentration in a multiple effect evaporator, was dried on double-drum dryers to yield a dry powder with the following interesting composition ... 

Formulating Hypotheses a graph of data can show relationships between variables. In this case, the graph shows data collected during an experiment to determine the effect of phosphorus fertilizer compounds on plant growth. 

The Ebaia Electron Beam (E-Beam) process utilizes radiation-induced chemical reactions to simultaneously remove both SO2 and NO from a gas stream and produce fertilizer compounds (Frank, 1992). Projected capital costs for power plant applications are 40Q/kW, and projected operating costs are 13 mills/kWh (Hoffinan et al., 1992). With zone irradiation, the capital cost is reported to be halved, and levelized costs are reduced to about 8 to 10 mills/kWh. The process is being tested at five facilities. Hie largest is a 20,000 m /hr flue gas stream from a coal burning plant. It is also being used on a 50,000 m /hr automobile tunnel ventilation system for NO control. (Frank, 1992). Removal efficiencies of 90% and 80% for SO2 and NO,, respectively, have been demonstrated in a 5 MWg pilot plant (Livengood and Markussen, 1992). Removal efficiencies are said to be a function of the electric power input. 

Marshall T., Neubauer L.G., Corrosion of aircraft structural materials by agricultural chemicals I. Laboratory tests with fertilizers compounds. Corrosion, vol. 11, 1955, p. 84t-92t. 

K. J. R. Lehr, et al.. Crystallographic Properties of Fertilizer Compounds, National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL, Chemical Engineering Bulletin No. 6, May 1967. 207 infrared spectra, 4000-400 cm of well-characterized nitrates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. 

Properties of major solid nitrogen fertilizer compounds. 

Urea, a highly water-solnble white crystalline compound, has by far the highest nitrogen content among solid fertilizer compounds (46.6%) as noted, its commercial synthesis was introduced by BASF in 1922 (fig. 7.1). Its good physical properties and lack of fire and explosion hazards make it the most commonly used solid nitrogen fertilizer, while liquid urea is commonly used in nitrogen solutions, and the prilled compound is a common part of mixed fertilizers. 

Leaching rates depend on levels of fertilization, compounds used (NH3 leaches very little in comparison to readily soluble NO3), soil thickness and permeability, temperature, and precipitation. The single most important land management factor... 

For comparisons of the energy costs of different fertilizer compounds see UNIDO (8), and Helsel, Z. R., ed. 1987. Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control. Amsterdam Elsevier, pp. 177-201. 

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