Nickel-cobalt silicon alloy

Soft magnetic materials are characterized by high permeabiUty and low coercivity. There are sis principal groups of commercially important soft magnetic materials iron and low carbon steels, iron—siUcon alloys, iron—aluminum and iron—aluminum—silicon alloys, nickel—iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, and ferrites. In addition, iron-boron-based amorphous soft magnetic alloys are commercially available. Some have properties similar to the best grades of the permalloys whereas others exhibit core losses substantially below those of the oriented siUcon steels. Table 1 summarizes the properties of some of these materials. 

Almond shell Aluminium, atomized Aluminium, flake Aluminium-cobalt alloy Aluminium-copper alloy Aluminium-iron alloy Aluminium-lithium alloy Aluminium—magnesium alloy Aluminium-nickel alloy Aluminium-silicon alloy Aluminium acetate... 

In Raney s method a catalytically active metal is alloyed with a catalytically inactive one and then treated with a reagent that dissolves out the inactive metal. The catalytically inactive component that is to be dissolved out may be aluminum, silicon, magnesium, or zinc. The catalytically active metal is usually nickel, cobalt, copper, or iron. Noble-metal catalysts can, however, also be produced by Raney s method if an aluminum-platinum alloy (40% of platinum) or a zinc-palladium alloy (40% of palladium) is decomposed by hydrochloric acid.153... 

Mr. Raney continued to research on his catalyst from the time it was discovered until he died. He was granted a total of six U. S. Patents and five foreign patents. In addition to the two basic patents that issued prior to 1930, he obtained a patent for the preparation of granular catalysts made from aluminum and silicon alloys containing metals such as iron, cobalt, copper and nickel (15), a method for reclaiming spent catalyst (16), the production of a nonpyrophoric catalyst (17) and a catalyst prepared from a mixture of nickel and a nickel-aluminum alloy (18). A list of his inventions is given in Table 1. Over the... 

Alloys are metallic substances containing two or more elements which are miscible when molten and do not separate when solidified. They may be liquid or solid. This mixture of elements, usually but not necessarily metals, allows careful manipulation of strength, melting point, corrosion resistance, magnetic, thermal, electrical, and other properties steel, for example, is an alloy of iron and carbon often present with nickel, chromium, copper, aluminium, boron, tungsten, manganese, cobalt, silicon, and other elements. 

In [9], we compared the values of AH of the compounds of transition metals with Al, Sb, and Sn, and we found that the enthalpy of atomization of these compounds increased along the iron-cobalt-nickel series. TTiis was compared with the postulated rise of the electron affinity along the same series of the iron-group transition elements. In [10], we drew attention to the fact that the same relationship was obeyed by silicon alloys rich in transition metals (these alloys were characterized by relatively strong metallic interaction). This relationship was not obeyed by the compounds of transition metals with nonmetals (such as transition-metal sulfides). 

Alloy steel pipe composition has various elements, with total concentration between 1.0% and 50% by weight, which enhances the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. These steels can be grouped under low-alloy steels. Along with economic growth, the demand of alloy steel pipes and tubes for industrial use has increased enormously. The most common alloying elements are nickel, chromium, silicon, vanadium, and molybdeniun. Special pipe steels also contain very small amounts of aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, and zirconium. Alloy steel has different properties on the basis of its composition. Alloy steel tubes cater to domestic and industrial requirements, such as gas drilling, offshore projects, refineries, and petrochemical plants. 

The capacity of the 18,650 cell appears to have reached its practical limit of 2.9 Ah based on the present graphite and planar nickel-based cathode in 2007. Further improvement in capacity is expected to be realized from the development of a silicon alloy type anode with a capacity of 700 mAh/g or more and the planar lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum and nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode materials with capacities approaching 250 mAh/g. New electrolytes and/or additives also are under development. 

The cell producers accomplished the performance improvements through engineering improvements in cell design, new electrode materials, and automated high-speed production to reduce the cost. The capacity of the 18650 cell had reached 2.9 Ah in 2007 based on treated graphite anode and planar-nickel-based cathode and with several kinds of electrolyte additives [12]. With further continuous improvements in all the cell components that includes silicon alloy-type anode materials, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum and nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode materials, novel electrolyte and/or additives, some cell manufacturers are currently able to achieve a maximum capacity of up to 3.4 Ah for the same 18650 cell design. 

Nickel-chromium-tungsten, nickel-iron-chromium, and nickel-cobalt-chromium-silicon alloys ... 

Copper/beryllium alloys (thermal conductivity 200 W/mK) and copper/cobalt/ beryllium alloys (225 W/mK) for nozzle casings and tips in applications up to aromid 280 C (see Figure 4.5a) (because of the mechanical strength of the alloy, which rapidly falls when the temperature rises). Treatment involving an overlayer of silicon carbide increases injection abrasion resistance with, for example, PA and GF. Nickel coating eliminates the influence of copper on the melt (electroless nickel plating) ... 

There are at least four compositions of cobalt-base alloys in use which are similarly designated by code numbers such as F75, F90, F562, and F563. Again, these differ in the relative composition of the following elements manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, carbon, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, tungsten, titanium, and cobalt. These alloys are used because of their superior... 

For more than a century, a number of different aluminum alloys have been commonly used in the aircraft industry These substrates mainly contain several alloying elements, such as copper, chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, silicon, titanium and zinc. It is known that these metals and alloys can be dissolved as oxides or other compounds in an aqueous medium due to the chemical or electrochemical reactions between their metal surfaces and the environment (solution). The rate of the dissolution from anode to cathode phases at the metal surfaces can be influenced by the electrical conductivity of electrolytic solutions. Thus, anodic and cathodic electron transfer reactions readily exist with bulk electrolytes in water and, hence, produce corrosive products and ions. It is known that pure water has poor electrical conductivity, which in turn lowers the corrosion rate of materials however, natural environmental solutions (e g. sea water, acid rains, emissions or pollutants, chemical products and industrial waste) are highly corrosive and the environment s temperature, humidity, UV light and pressure continuously vary depending on time and the type of process involved. ... 

Heat of combustion, thermal conductivity, surface area and other factors influencing pyrophoricity of aluminium, cobalt, iron, magnesium and nickel powders are discussed [4], The relationship between heat of formation of the metal oxide and particle size of metals in pyrophoric powders is discussed for several metals and alloys including copper [5], Further work on the relationship of surface area and ignition temperature for copper, manganese and silicon [6], and for iron and titanium [7] was reported. The latter also includes a simple calorimetric test to determine ignition temperature. 

Assay of beryllium metal and beryllium compounds is usually accomplished by titration. The sample is dissolved in sulfuric acid. Solution pH is adjusted to 8.5 using sodium hydroxide. The beryllium hydroxide precipitate is redissolved by addition of excess sodium fluoride. Liberated hydroxide is titrated with sulfuric acid. The beryllium content of the sample is calculated from the titration volume. Standards containing known beryllium concentrations must be analyzed along with the samples, as complexation of beryllium by fluoride is not quantitative. Titration rate and hold times are critical therefore use of an automatic titrator is recommended. Other fluoride-complexing elements such as aluminum, silicon, zirconium, hafnium, uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements must be absent, or must be corrected for if present in small amounts. Copper—beryllium and nickel—beryllium alloys can be analyzed by titration if the beryllium is first separated from copper, nickel, and cobalt by ammonium hydroxide precipitation (15,16). 

Vanadium Alloys.—Vanadium alloys readily with many metals, including aluminium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, and tin, also with silicon. These alloys have hitherto received scant attention, and little is known in most cases of the systems produced. 

These alloys are available as wrought or cast alloys. The principal wrought copper alloys are the brasses, leaded brasses, phosphor bronzes, aluminum bronzes, silicon bronzes, bciylhum coppers, cupronickels. and nickel silvers. The major cast copper alloys include the red and yellow brasses, manganese, tin, aluminum, and silicon bronzes, beryllium coppers, and nickel silvers. The chemical compositions range widely. For example, a leaded brass will contain 60% copper, 36 to 40% zinc, and lead up to 4% a beryllium copper is nearly all copper, containing 2.1% beryllium, 0.5% cobalt, or nickel, or in another formulation, 0.65% beryllium, and 2.5% cobalt. 

The important p-stabilizing alloying elements are the bcc elements vanadium, molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium of the p-isomorphous type and manganese, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and silicon of the p-eutectoid type. The p-eutectoid elements, arranged in order of increasing tendency to form compounds, are shown in Table 7. The elements copper, silicon, nickel, and cobalt are termed active eutectoid formers because of a rapid decomposition of p to a and a compound. The other elements in Table 7 are sluggish in their eutectoid reactions and thus it is possible to avoid compound formation by careful control of heat treatment and composition. The relative p-stabilizing effects of these elements can be expressed in the form of a molybdenum equivalency, Mog (29) ... 

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