Vanadium elements

Vanadium (element No. 23) is comparatively abundant in the universe. At 0.0001%, its cosmic abundance is comparable to that of copper and zinc. The cosmic abundance is, e.g., reflected in chondritic meteorites, which contain 220 atoms of the isotope in relation to 10 silicium atoms. Cosmic formation of vanadium is based on the a, y cascade up to Cr, followed by the reaction sequence ... 

EINECS 231-171-1 HSDB 1022 Vanadium Vanadium (fume or dust) Vanadium dust Vanadium, elemental. Metallic element target material for x-rays, manufacture of alloy steels. Metal mp = 1917° dl8.7 = 6.11. Atomerg/c Chemetals Cerac Noah Chem. 

The petroleum industry faces the need to analyze numerous elements which are either naturally present in crude oil as is particularly the case for nickel and vanadium or those elements that are added to petroleum products during refining. 

Although vanadium has formally lost all its outer electrons in this state, the resemblance to the Group V elements is not so marked as that of titanium(IV) to Group IV. 

Find the element V (vanadium) in the given Periodic Table. 

Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis) Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio s new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists s statement. 

Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. 

Calibration of an arc or spark source is linear over three orders of magnitude, and detection limits are good, often within the region of a few micrograms per gram for elements such as vanadium, aluminum, silicon, and phosphorus. Furthermore, the nature of the matrix material composing the bulk of the sample appears to have little effect on the accuracy of measurement. 

Common alloying elements include nickel to improve low temperature mechanical properties chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium to improve elevated-temperature properties and silicon to improve properties at ordinary temperatures. Low alloy steels ate not used where corrosion is a prime factor and are usually considered separately from stainless steels. 

The mercury cell operates efficiently because of the higher overpotential of hydrogen on mercury to achieve the preferential formation of sodium amalgam. Certain trace elements, such as vanadium, can lower the hydrogen overpotential, however, resulting in the release of hydrogen in potentially dangerous amounts. 

Germanium tetrachloride refined for use in making optical fibers is usually specified to contain less than 0.5 to 5 ppb of each of eight impurities vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc. Limits are sometimes specified for a few other elements. Also of concern are hydrogen-bearing impurities therefore, maximum limits of 5 to 10 ppm are usually placed on HCl, OH, CH2, and CH contents. 

Under unusual circumstances, toxicity may arise from ingestion of excess amounts of minerals. This is uncommon except in the cases of fluorine, molybdenum, selenium, copper, iron, vanadium, and arsenic. Toxicosis may also result from exposure to industrial compounds containing various chemical forms of some of the minerals. Aspects of toxicity of essential elements have been pubhshed (161). 

Some phosphides, such as titanium phosphide [12037-65-9] TiP, can be prepared bypassing phosphine over the metal or its haUde. Reaction of phosphine with heavy metal salt solutions often yields phosphines that may contain unsubstituted hydrogens. Phosphides may also be prepared by reducing phosphoms-containing salts with hydrogen, carbon, etc, at high temperatures, the main example of which is the by-product formation of ferrophosphoms in the electric furnace process for elemental phosphoms. Phosphoms-rich phosphides such as vanadium diphosphide [12037-77-3] may be converted to lower phosphides, eg, vanadium phosphide [12066-53-4] by thermal treatment. 

Ferrophosphoms is produced as a by-product in the electrothermal manufacture of elemental phosphoms, in which iron is present as an impurity in the phosphate rock raw material. The commercial product contains ca 23—29% P and is composed primarily of Fe2P [1310-43-6] and Fe P [12023-53-9] along with impurities such as Cr and V. Ferrophosphoms is used in metallurgical processes for the addition of phosphoms content. Low concentrations (up to - 0.1%) of phosphoms in wrought and cast iron and steel not only increases the strength, hardness, and wear resistance but also improves the flow properties. In large stmctural members and plates, it is desirable to use a type of steel that does not need to be quenched or tempered, and thus does not exhibit weld-hardening. This property is afforded by the incorporation of a small quantity of phosphoms in steel. Ferrophosphoms from western U.S. phosphoms production is used as a raw material for the recovery of vanadium (see Vanadiumand vanadiumalloys). 

The catalyst combines two essential ingredients found in eadier catalysts, vanadium oxide and titanium dioxide, which are coated on an inert, nonporous carrier in a layer 0.02- to 2.0-mm thick (13,16). Other elements such as phosphoms are also used. Ring-shaped supports are used instead of spherical supports to give longer catalyst life, less pressure drop though the reactor, and higher yields (17,18). Half rings are even better and allow more catalyst to be loaded (18). 

The elements that decrease the extent of the austenite field include chromium, siUcon, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, tin, niobium, phosphoms, aluminum, and titanium. These are known as ferrite stabilizers. 

Residual Elements. In addition to carbon, manganese, phosphoms, sulfur, and silicon which are always present, carbon steels may contain small amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen, introduced during the steelmaking process nickel, copper, molybdenum, chromium, and tin, which may be present in the scrap and aluminum, titanium, vanadium, or zirconium, which may have been introduced during deoxidation. 

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